How far do you agree that the Cold War broke out in Europe because the USA and the USSR disagreed fundamentally about how they should treat the shattered European economy?
How far do you agree that the Cold War broke out in Europe because the USA and the USSR disagreed fundamentally about how they should treat the shattered European economy? Subsequent to the Second World War in 1945, the European economy was in tatters as much of the infrastructure had been laid to waste and industrial centres destroyed. As such, the two main victors of the war, the United States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), declared their commitment to postwar unity and mutual cooperation in improving global conditions. 1 Yet, in less than two years, a fervent rivalry between the two nations led to a breaking up of accord, concerning mutual blaming, the division of Europe, as well as the difference in political ideologies. The Cold War broke out in Europe in 1947, signifying a sharp and unexpected deterioration in postwar relations between the USA and USSR. Yet all through this period, the rivalry between the two superpowers was played out in numerous areas: military coalitions; ideology, military, industrial, and technological developments. Europe was split in half, with Western Europe supporting the USA, and Eastern Europe being an ally of the USSR. So, was the disagreement on how to deal with the shattered European economy between the USA and USSR the sole reason for the Cold War? I would agree with this statement only to a small
The collapse of the USSR was caused by internal problems and had nothing to do with the Cold War. Assess this view.
“The collapse of the USSR was caused by internal problems and had nothing to do with the Cold War”. Assess this view. In 1991, after over half a century of communist rule, the USSR ceased to exist as a political entity after many years of decline. This statement asserts that the cause for this cessation was only due to the effects caused by issues, policies and the framework within the USSR itself, and had absolutely no relation with regards to the external problem of the Cold War - defined by Ann Lane as a state of tension, conflict, hostility and competition which characterized US-USSR relations though not amounting to an actual war; this subscribes to the Soviet Initiative school of thought. However, this statement is unfair insofar that the collapse of the USSR was not only the result of trouble within its territorial boundaries, but rather a combination of factors both internal and external, including the foundational weakness of the Soviet economic system coupled with the long term pressure brought forth by the US policy of containment, the Reagan Doctrine as a catalyst, the turning point in USSR’s history with Gorbachev’s reforms and finally the immediate effect of the August 1991 coup d’etat that characterized the USSR’s decline. As such, this essay espouses that it was an amalgamation of both factors both within and outside the USSR that served as a
Who was to blame for the Cold War?
As Dwight D. Eisenhower said, "Every gun that is made, every warship launched, every rocket fired signified, in the final sense, a theft from those who hunger and are not fed, those who are cold but not clothed." This statement could be directly applied to the Cold War. The term "Cold War" means "a state of political hostility and military tension between two countries or power blocs, involving propaganda, subversion, threats, etc" (Cold War Def.). The Cold War lasted from the end of WWII, in 1945, to the collapse of the Soviet Union, in 1989. It also included the Korean and Vietnam Wars and other conflicts in the Middle East and Africa. Both the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) were responsible for the political, economic, militaristic and ideological causes of the Cold War. Following the Second World War, Germany was separated into four independent quarters, Russian, American, British and French; from this division, the Cold War emerged (Collier 26). This proximity led to tensions and hostilities that surfaced in the years following WWII. There are three theses regarding the origins of the Cold War: the "Orthodox" belief that "the intransigence of Leninist ideology, the sinister dynamics of a totalitarian society, and the madness of Stalin" (McCauley 88) caused the Cold War; the "Revisionist" idea that "American policy offered the Russians
Who was to blame for the Cold War?
Who was to blame for the Cold War? There are two possible verdicts; the USA and USSR. Both these sides had different beliefs, USA was a capitalist country while the USSR was a communist country, and this was one of the main causes of the cold war. I believe that both sides were almost equally responsible for the start of the Cold War but USA may be blamed slightly more than the USSR because as you will see there are more arguments against the USA. The arguments against the USA (that indicate that the USA was the one to blame) are many. At the Yalta conference, February 1945, towards the end of the 2nd World War, Roosevelt didn't define what he meant by Eastern Europe being seen as "A Soviet sphere of influence". Stalin seems to define it as a total control of the USSR over the East but the USA interprets it by saying that Russia would only have a slight influence. Roosevelt also showed lack of trust in Stalin, as we can see at sources 6 and 8. An other mistake of Roosevelt was that he allowed Russia to move border into Poland as long as Russia didn't interfere with Greece. This clearly shows how the USA wanted to prevent the wide spreading of communism in Europe. The fact that America tested the atomic bomb in 1945 caused tension between the two countries and caused the USSR to fear even more the USA. After Roosevelt died, Truman became the president of the USA.
Nuclear Fusion as energy provider
For ?-decay, unstable atom emits an ?-particle, this can also apply to ?-decay. To distinguish ?-decay and ?-decay, here is a number of characteristic of each of the decay: relative charge, relative mass, nature, range, material to stop, deflection in electric field and magnetic field. ?-emission ?-emission Relative charge +2 -1 Relative mass 4 0.00055 Nature 2 protons + 2 neutrons (Helium nucleus) Electron Range 5cm 6m Material to stop Paper Aluminium(5mm thick)[] Deflection in electric field [2] Slightly towards negative terminal Greatly towards positive terminal Deflection in magnetic field[2] Slightly upwards Greatly downwards As an example, Bismuth can decay into Thallium and Polonium by emitting ?- and ?-particle respectively. For ?-decay of Bismuth: For ?-decay of Bismuth: The example above can show ?-particle is Helium particle while ?-particle is electron. Radioactive decay is different from fission reaction. Radioactive decay Fission . unstable . absorb 1 neutron 2. emit ?/?/?- particle 2. oscillate 3. become other elements 3. unstable 4.Fission (split) 5. give out 3 neutrons Fission reactions differ from radioactive decay both in the way that the reaction must be started and in the type of products that are formed [1]. Radioactive decay is a passive action, while fission is active. For radioactive decay, the atom is unstable;
Is nuclear power the future? Should we build more nuclear power stations in Britain?
Is nuclear power the future? Should we build more nuclear power stations in Britain? Dennis Wang Contents Introduction 2 What is nuclear power? 3 Advantages of nuclear power 4 Disadvantages of nuclear power 6 Conclusion 8 References 8 Introduction Nuclear Power is what more and more people believe to be the answer to the problem of where our energy should come from. Our main source of power, fossil fuel, is running out: all the oil in the world is likely to be have used up in only 43 years. The world is warming due to carbon emissions from burning fossil fuels. And the world's population is increasing all the time meaning more energy consumption. It means we need a different source of energy. Nuclear power is a clear option: it doesn't pollute the atmosphere with carbon dioxide, it uses uranium which is reasonably common and not about to run out and it is reliable and can work under any conditions (unlike wind or solar power). However there are disadvantages which cause nuclear power to be the subject of debate: it produces nuclear waste which needs to be disposed of, and the accident at Chernobyl showed the world what the dangers of nuclear power are. In this case study I will look at the pros and cons of nuclear power in detail and evaluate whether it is suitable to use as a new energy source for the future. What is Nuclear Power? Some atoms are
Is the Nuclear Family universal?
Is the Nuclear Family Universal? A nuclear family is a family that consists of two cohabiting parents in a sexual relationship with children. The parents must be heterosexual as this is 'socially acceptable', a nuclear family does not have to contain a certain amount of children and the children may be adopted or step children. The nuclear family can also contain an extended family such as a spouse of the children or a grandparent. This idea was first developed by Murdock who believed the nuclear family was universal. George Peter Murdock was a Sociologist who was prominent around 1940 onwards when he developed his 'nuclear family' idea which he believed to be universal. The nuclear is a unit of people living together and this could be considered universal as most countries and cultures raise their children within their own household. Murdock was one of the first sociologists to propose the idea of a nuclear family and applied it to all cultures proclaiming it was universal. Economic cooperation, common residence and reproduction are the main points of the nuclear family and Murdock believed all these things applied to families around the world. A sexual relationship was a point Murdock thought was important, within most societies there are rules that limit sexual relationships or even forbid them before marriage. Sexual relationships provide sexual gratification for both
'Is Nuclear Power the Solution to our Energy Problems?' Case Study
Is Nuclear Power the Solution to our Energy Problems? By Sean Hudson Contents Introduction 3 Background Information 4 How Cloning Benefits Society 5 How Cloning Endangers Society 7 Conclusion 9 Bibliography 10 Introduction The use of nuclear power is a controversial topic. Some support nuclear power believing that it offers the solution to our current energy problems. Others, however, believe that nuclear power is a dangerous form of energy as an accident can have severe consequences such as the Chernobyl disaster. In the following case study I will study and discuss the benefits and dangers of nuclear power, provide evidence through use of sources and finally end with a balanced conclusion summarising both the case study and my own opinions. This case study will be viewed by other year 11 students so in order to match my target audience I have used various presentational devices including a range of font types, pictures and diagrams. Background Information
Chemistry Revision Notes on atomic structure, nuclear power and the periodic table
Chemistry Major Developments of the Atomic Model > About 400BC: Greek philosopher Democritus first suggested that all substances consisted of tiny indestructible particles called atoms. > 1808: An English chemist named John Dalton described his ideas about matter. Dalton's ideas were based on many scientific experiments and observations. Although some of these today are to a degree, incorrect, Dalton's developments formed the early settlements that led to the modern atomic theory. Dalton stated a number of ideas: * All matter is composed of atoms * Atoms cannot be made or destroyed * All atoms of the same element are identical * Different elements have different types of atoms * Chemical reactions occur when atoms are rearranged * Compounds are formed from atoms of the constituent elements. > 1897: English Scientist Sir J.J. Thomson explained that the atom contained negatively charged particles called electrons. He suggested that atoms were positively charged spheres with negatively charged electrons embedded in them like the fruit in a plum pudding. > 1911: Lord Rutherford proposed a nuclear model for the atom. In his model, the atom consisted of mostly space with a dense nucleus containing positively charged protons in the centre. Negatively charged electrons orbited the nucleus. Although Lord Rutherford's model of the atom was essentially the same as today's
Critically examine the Functionalist idea that the nuclear family exists for the benefit of everyone.
Critically examine the Functionalist idea that the nuclear family exists for the benefit of everyone The Functionalist sociologist, Murdock (1949) defined the family as a social group characterised by common residence, economic co-operation and reproduction. He claimed it must include adults of both sexes of whom maintain a socially accepted sexual relationship, and own or adopted, of the sexually cohabiting adults. Murdock's definition is focuses on the Nuclear family stereotypically made up of a two-generation family: heterosexual couple with offspring. This definition of the family is popular among right wing sociologists who believe it is the ideal type of family unit that people should aspire to have. They argue this because they believe the nuclear family is the best type of family for the individual and for society. This is why they encourage it and regard it as the most beneficial family structure. They believe that it is the nuclear family unit by which the process of socialisation is transmitted at it's strongest with the most benefit for society. However, functionalists tend to see the family as harmonious but this is simply not the case in society today. Feminist criticise the functionalist view on the nuclear family by arguing that the nuclear family doesn't suit everyone within the family unit and is more damaging than it is beneficial. Sociologists use the
