One of the most controversial issues of British Economic History is the living standards during the industrial revolution. ''Pessimists'' against ''optimists'' oppose their ideas about whether the standards of living during the industrial revolution impro
British Economic History Supervision 4 Supervisor:Dr. D. M. Fowler by:Lambros Diamandopoulos ''Qualitative aspects of living standards, such as the disamenities of urban living, have become the decisive factors in evaluating whether the English working classes benefited from Industrial Revolution''. Introduction One of the most controversial issues of British Economic History is the living standards during the industrial revolution. ''Pessimists'' against ''optimists'' oppose their ideas about whether the standards of live during the industrial revolution improved,deteriorated or remained stable. On the one hand,optimists like Jeffrey G.Williamson, held the view that although some workers suffered from harsh working conditions and were working more days,the increase in real wages could offset these disamenities and as a whole,the majority of people lived from 1760 to 1850 benefited from the industrial revolution in terms of standards of life. On the other hand,pessimists like Charles H. Feinstein argued that the living standards of life deteriorated for the working class in early industrialisation. The main difference in the perception of judging the living standards between optimists and pessimists is the distinction between the importance of qualitative and quantitative factors that influenced the lives of workers during industrialisation. On the ''quantitative
What problem did Russia face after the1905 Revolution? How effective was Nicholas II in dealing with these problems?
What problem did Russia face after the1905 Revolution? How effective was Nicholas II in dealing with these problems? In January 1905, there was a revolutionary tide in Russia. We called this revolution as 1905 Revolution mainly caused by the defeat of Russo-Japanese War in September and the Bloody Sunday Incident in January. In the country, workers, peasants and merchants were holding demonstrations in order to express their discontent to the Czarist government. Although Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto to pacify the discontent of people temporarily, he still had to face some problems after the 1905 Revolution. To regain the support from people, he needed to carry out the reforms in the October Manifesto. His reform included different aspect, such as political aspect, social aspect and economic aspect. He also appointed Peter Stolypin as the prime minister to stabilize the country. Nicholas II had tried his best to regain people's support and stop the revolution tide through the reforms after the 905 Revolution. Poor livelihood, no franchise of general Russians and the insult of Russo-Japanese War all these were reasons to cause the 1905 Revolution. The Bloody Sunday Incident was an immediately cause to lead the outbreak of 1905 Revo lution. After the 1905 Revolution, the Czar still had to face the above problems. IN order to prolong his rule, he was
The Industrial Application of Enzymes.
The Industrial Application of Enzymes. Enzymes are naturally occurring biological molecules found in all living organisms, plant, animal and microorganisms such as bacteria. All enzymes are proteins and, as with all proteins, are made up of a chain or polymer of amino acids held together by peptide bonds. This chain coils to form a specific three-dimensional globular shape, which, typically, means an enzyme will only work with one specific substrate. The purpose of an enzyme is to lower the activation energy required for biochemical reactions to take place. As a result a reaction catalysed by an enzyme will be much more efficient at breaking down a substrate into its products and consequently are used in industry for just this purpose. To obtain these enzymes scientist look mostly to naturally occurring microorganisms, as they are the most productive producers, are easy to handle, can be grown in huge tanks without light, and have a very high growth rate. This may sound all very new and scientific but microorganisms have been used for brewing, baking and alcohol production long before anybody knew of the existence of enzymes. One of the earliest references can be found in Homer's Greek poems dating from about 800 BC where he mentions the use of enzymes in the production of cheese. The starch industry has been using enzymes too for many years in the production of
Major Causes of French Revolution
The Major Causes of the French Revolution The French revolution overthrew the country's ancient monarchy, proclaimed Liberty, Equality and Fraternity and fought off a hostile Europe. It ushered in a new age, but at a terrible price in blood and human suffering. There were many causes of the Revolution. The French Revolution appears to have been the outcome of both long term and short term factors, which arose from the social and political conditions and conflicts of the ancien regime. The long standing grievances of peasants, townsmen and bourgeoisie; the frustration's of rising hopes among wealthy and 'middling' bourgeoisie and peasants; the distress and breakdown of government; a real (or at least perceived) 'feudal reaction'; the stubbornness of a privileged aristocracy; the creation of radical ideas among wide sections of the people; a sharp economic and financial crisis; and the successive triggers of state bankruptcy, aristocratic revolt and popular revolution: all these factors played a part. The middle and lower class were becoming more conscious of their increased social importance and because the peasants were becoming more independent, more literate and prosperous that the old feudal freedoms and aristocratic privileges appeared all the more burdensome and intolerable for the struggling discontents of France. For more than one hundred years before the accession
What were the consequences of the agricultural revolution for the rural poor? And how did they respond?
What were the consequences of the agricultural revolution for the rural poor? And how did they respond? By Kevin Dean Throughout history a so-called agricultural revolution has been detectable in every age. From the Neolithic period, from ancient Egypt, through to Rome, thirteenth century England, Britain in the 1860's, and again in the 1950's, are all given dates to when agricultural revolutions have taken place.1 In this essay, however, the term `agricultural revolution', is used to refer to the, roughly, one hundred years after 1750. In fact, the term itself is somewhat misleading, as the word `revolution' means a full circle, or a cyclical return to an original starting point, whereas in this context the term is used to indicate a series of connected events occurring in linear fashion, and according to some historians, stretching back some centuries before 1750 and being part of, and central to, the industrial revolution.2 What did the `agricultural revolution' consist of? As is often the case, the answer is multi -causal, but there are several recognisable factors that can be pointed to. Firstly, and the most contentious by dint of the difference of opinion amongst historians, the removal of common property rights to land, or `enclosure'.3 The enclosure process of denying access of cottagers and labourers to the farmlands and `commons' of the parish, and the
(P3)- Explain two medical conditions related to unbalanced diets
BTEC First Health and Social Care Level 2 Unit 11: Impact on Diet on Health Unit 11: Impact of ________________ Diet on Health ________________ TASK 2 –Medical Conditions Related to Unbalanced Diets ________________ ________________ Medical Conditions ________________ Rickets ________________ They are many medical conditions that are based upon unbalanced diets. One example of a medical condition, which is caused by a lack of vitamin D in the body, is a condition which affects bone development, in children. It also is caused in adults, but it is called osteomalacia or which is caused soft bones. Rickets are normally from people who emigrate from warm countries; these people have a lack of vitamin D. in order for a person to overcome rickets, it is advised for them to, include calcium into their diet. This is because there are consuming a little calcium into our diet. This is why we have to change our diet and include a calcium supplement, such as calcium carbonate. If not we should eat calcium rich foods. If so it can improve our bones and strengthen them. Symptoms causes the bones to be very painful, soft and also weak. Other systems, such as a bone problem, are slower delay of skeletal growth. To prevent rickets generally we should spend little time in the sun. As rickets is usually found by children, we
Working in a business environment
Outcome 1: Understand how to respect people at work. .1 Describe what is meant by diversity and why it should be valued. Diversity means that people are valued for their differences, meaning that they are placed in a job that is well suited to them, creating a more productive workforce. An example of this would be having a receptionist that has a bubbly personality, who is always smiling and willing to meet new people, as opposed to a grumpy, antisocial person who does not want to be there. It should be valued as it means everyone can produce their best work and people will work harder at a job they enjoy and are good at. .2 Describe how to treat other people in a way that is sensitive to their needs. To be able to be sensitive to other peoples needs, first you have to work out and decide what their need is, this could be either obvious or less obvious, for example they may use wheelchair. Once you have understood their needs, you need to work out and understand how to treat them. Carrying on with the use of a wheelchair, the employee should not be treated any differently than other employees in the sense that they should all have the same opportunities for progression in the workplace as others, however, to aid them on a day to day basis, it may be polite to hold open a door for them, or ensure that there is ample parking room in place. .3 Describe how to treat other
A Modern Domestic Tragedy Is Tragic Because The Protagonist Is Working Against A Tide Of Unstoppable Changes Discuss This In Relation To A Streetcar Named Desire
'A Modern Domestic Tragedy Is Tragic Because The Protagonist Is Working Against A Tide Of Unstoppable Changes' Discuss This In Relation To 'A Streetcar Named Desire' In Tennessee Williams' 'Streetcar Named Desire', the character of the protagonist Blanche is created by Williams to be facing great change, and is facing the pull between her internal flaws and the external forces pushing this change .By showing this change in accordance within the confines of a modern domestic tragedy, it becomes inherently clear that in the context of this play, what makes it truly tragic is this unstoppable external change that the protagonist is a victim of. The continual emphasis by Williams on Blanche's weaknesses in this time of continual change adds to the tragic portrayal of the character. As early on as the first scene Blanche's refusal to face reality is shown, and begins this irrefutable burden of reality in contrast to the illusory world she has become to indulge herself within. It is symbolised by her inability to face the light. Blanche cries out in scene one to Stella to 'turn that over-light off...I won't be looked at in this merciless glare'. This loaded sentence suggests many connotations towards the character of Blanche. As on one hand this light reflects her inability to face the truth, as the light represents the purity of truth, and shows a possible domestic tragedy
Did English workers have a higher standard of living then their French counterparts or vice versa?
Did English workers have a higher standard of living then their French counterparts or vice versa? Did English workers have a higher standard of living then their French counterparts or vice versa? What was the impact of the French revolution and the British industrial revolution on living standards in the two countries? The measurement of standards of living is a contentious subject in the fields of both economic history and economic development. Real wages are the most common measure of standards of living, and the relative ease of their calculation makes their use valuable. However real wages do not tell the full story. Other environmental and social factors heavily influence standards of living. Factors such as access to clean air, clean water and political representation are but a selection of a plethora of other indicators. These variables are often difficult to quantify empirically and much of the evidence for these factors is qualitative in nature. Different people place different values on non-monetary factors. Williamson regards clean air as a luxury item, whereas others would regards it as a necessity or even a right. The subjective nature of such standard of life measures fits uneasily with more precise quantitative real wage measures. I hope to examine both real wage and non monetary evidence whilst answering this question, before examining the effects
Unit 5-The principles underpinning the role of the Practitioner working with children
Unit 5-The principles underpinning the role of the Practitioner working with children Section 1 E1 Practitioners have the responsibility to maintain a professional relationship with children, families, colleagues and other professionals in a range of settings. When working in early years setting you will be expected to work with other professionals that may be on the same site as yourself or from the community where they will be required to come into your setting. For example if a practitioner is working in a children's centre a speech therapist may work on the same site but is you work on a small rural nursery the therapist may visit your setting regularly when required. When working as an early year's practitioner there will be codes of practice that underpin your practice. These will state how you as a professional are expected to conduct yourself within your role. Codes of practice are not the law but are set out by the employer for all employees to comply with within the setting, and will be relevant to pieces of legislation. Your employer will guide you through the codes of practice set out and they will also be available in your staff handbook. Codes of practice should be referred to and reflected upon frequently as a matter of good practice and to improve your own learning and performance. For example working in childcare you will find codes of practice related
