Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution "The industrial revolution is precisely the expansion of undeveloped forces, the sudden growth and blossoming of seeds which had for years lain hidden or asleep." Paul Mantoux's quote regarding the industrial revolution is used to describe the range of different phenomena that constituted this watershed moment in British, European and world history. This is because the industrial revolution cannot be pigeon-holed. It was not a government policy and none of what occurred politically, socially, culturally or economically in Britain between 1780 and 1914 came from design but rather was the result of a historical accident of a sequence of key factors all occurring during the same timeframe. The period represented a transition from early modern history to modernity, with many of the social and economic ills that arrest much of the contemporary world today first acted out in the newly industrialised areas of the UK in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The industrial revolution affected the entire structure of British society, from the monarchy to the previously numerically dominant peasant classes, from agricultural workers to merchants. There is no doubt that a momentous shift had taken place: the far-reaching legacy of the changes that occurred during the period 1780 and 1914 culminated in the Great War where the casualty figures soared into the
Industrial and Agricultural Revolution.
Industrial and Agricultural Revolution Contents 1. Introduction 2. What is Revolution? 3. Agricultural Revolution 3.1.Why did it happen? 3.2. Who lost out? 3.3. Who gained? 4. Industrial Revolution 4.1. Why did it happen? 4.2. Who lost out? 4.3. Who gained? 5. Effects of Revolution in Northampton 6. Conclusion . Introduction The objective of this project is to define revolution in a political/social context and to explain in two sections the processes of the Industrial and Agricultural revolutions in England. I have take the opportunity to study the effects of the Industrial revolution in Northampton. This project is written in five main sections. The first will define "revolution". The second section will discuss the Agricultural revolution, providing statistics, and discussing the cause and effect of the Agricultural revolution in England. It will also explain what happened in the Agricultural revolution and what changed, explaining how farming methods changed. The third section will discuss the Industrial revolution and its cause and effects. It will show the effects of factory working on the social structure of English life. The fourth section provides an example of the industrial age in Northampton a town that had made shoes for hundreds of years and how the Industrial revolution effected its shoe making techniques. My conclusion, summarises the project and argues
Industrial revolution in Russia
Milena Petkova European Industrial Revolutions Essay # 2 The industrial revolution in Russia Russia, which began its industrial revolution at least a half century behind most of the West European countries, had to meet a number of special challenges. Russia moved to industrialisation in stages. An uncertain experimental phase - which Russia had already experienced to an extent before 1870 - included larger reforms that helped free up economic change. This preliminary period was followed by more rapid growth in a society still overwhelming agricultural. Russia had well-developed industrial sectors by the early 20th century, but paused well behind the West. Russia became the only society to experience full-fledged political and social revolution after the industrialisation process was well under way. The reform period in the 1860s that brought limited freedom for the serfs also produced a host of other political changes, some of which involved economic policy. The Abolition of Serfdom in 1861, had slowed down the creation of a large workforce, and, as such, the Russian economy had been almost completely agrarian. Also, Russia's previously untouched deposits of coal and other raw materials began to be exploited. Government budget procedures were regularized and state bank was created in 1866 to centralize credit and finance. Government policy also encouraged more foreign
The Industrial Revolution.
The Industrial Revolution In this assignment I will be explaining why, by the 19th century, Britain was known as the 'workshop of the world'. This was clearly defined by the Great Exhibition of the Work of Industry opened in May 1851, held in the Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London. This exhibition put on show to the world Britain's wealth and inventiveness, displaying consumer goods and machinery from its great manufacturing cities. It showed that she was a forerunner of industry and going through, what we now call, the Industrial Revolution. The Industrial Revolution was revolutionary not in its speed, but in its consequences. The century between 1750 and 1850 brought about the age of machines, in factories mass production and the assembly line, industrial towns and the industrial working class. Even though the greatest changes took place between 1750 and 1850 these dates cannot be used to tie down the beginning and the end of the industrial revolution, it was a slow process that took centuries not decades. Why it happened in Britain is still debateable, but the country had ample resources of coal and iron, navigable rivers and canals, an increasing population as well as a growing empire overseas, which provided a captive market for British made products. Each of these reasons reacted with each other to encourage growth and make Britain a world leader in
What did working-class men and women read during the Industrial Revolution?
What did working-class men and women read during the Industrial Revolution? The Industrial Revolution that came about in the early and mid-nineteenth century, affected many areas of English intellectual and cultural life; it changed the nature of many of the current disciplines, and brought forward the existence of new ones. Literature was an issue that was highly subjected to industrialism. According to Catherine Gallagher, narrative fiction, especially novels, underwent changes whenever they became a part of the discourse over industrialism. Concurrently, the urban and industrial working classes had a huge impact in Victorian fiction; the different types of working-class men and women, along with their working and living environments were used to portray the lives of the working class. During the nineteenth century, a significant number of novelists attempted to present the working class in fiction. According to Thackeray in 1838, the working-class communities in particular towns had formed their own distinct culture and literature. 'It was not just a continuation of the old popular cultures which expressed themselves in broadsheets, chapbooks, and popular drama-it was new, and had formed itself in the past decade. It was quite cut off from the middle and upper classes.' 1 This culture had been formed by the Enclosure Acts and by the Industrial Revolution. It
THe industrial revolution case study
Britain was the first nation to industrialize; this was known as the industrial revolution. From the 1780's the pace of industrialization quickened and hence the lifestyle of millions of people changed both for the better and worse. The industrial revolution transformed Britain; changing it from a nation that relied on agriculture and small scale production to a nation that mass produced and was heavily factory driven. This created a huge economic boom for Britain and created much wealth and global power. In 1750 most English relied off the land and most British resided in villages or in the countryside. Agriculture was Britain's main industry and up until the Industrial Revolution Britain ran using the Cottage industry or Domestic system. This artwork by an unknown artist and is a secondary source that demonstrates a family at work and the social aspects of this system. It aim was to pictorially demonstrate the domestic system in text books and has since been published in many history text books as it shows many important aspects of this system as a pictorial representation of the system allows for easy understanding and simplifies this complex system. It has appeared in over 20 books that talk about the domestic system but no books suggest exactly when or who first draw this source. By examining the picture closely it is obvious that the cottage or domestic system was
The Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution may be defined as the application of power-driven machinery to manufacturing. It had its beginning in remote times, and is still continuing in some places. In the eighteenth century all of western Europe began to industrialize rapidly, but in England the process was most highly accelerated. England's head start may be attributed to the emergence of a number of simultaneous factors. Britain had burned up her magnificent oak forests in its fireplaces, but large deposits of coal were still available for industrial fuel. There was an abundant labor supply to mine coal and iron, and to man the factories. From the old commercial empire there remained a fleet, and England still possessed colonies to furnish raw materials and act as captive markets for manufactured goods. Tobacco merchants of Glasgow and tea merchants of London and Bristol had capital to invest and the technical know-how derived from the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century. Last, but not least important, the insularity of England saved industrial development from being interrupted by war. Soon all western Europe was more or less industrialized, and the coming of electricity and cheap steel after 1850 further speeded the process. I. The Agricultural Revolution The English countryside was transformed between 1760 and 1830 as the open-field system of cultivation gave way to
The Industrial Revolution
England Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was in the period of the 18th to the 19th century where many big changes took place in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology. The revolution originally started off in England and at that time we were the ones who led the rest of the world in to a new era of technology. At the beginning of the revolution in England in the 1750s all industries were small scale and the main one was farming. However nearer the 1900s mining for coal had significantly taken over all the other industries as we had a great supply of it here in England. England was dominating the rest of the world in design and technology so therefore we became a rich country as we exported many of our homeland goods. Between 1750 and 1900 there was a massive change in the way farming worked. In the early stages of the industrial revolution they used horses to help plow and seed the field where the crops were to be grown. This method of farming was advanced later on in the revolution. There each area of land would be split into four sections. The crop that was grown on each field would be rotated so that different nutrients would be taken from the land. In the first year turnips or another kind of root crop would be grown; in the second year barley was grown in the field; in the third year clover or a grass crop was grown and in the
Working Conditions in the Mines
Working Conditions in the Mines The early nineteenth century had a dramatic rise of activity in mining of the coalfields. This was due to the increased demand for fuel to power the new machinery that would revolutionise the world. Thousands of people were drawn off the land into the mines and as the need grew, more jobs were created. Coalmining technology had evolved from simple bell pits to huge shafts and tunnels. The mines were now so large that the conditions in them became worse. They were probably as bad as the conditions of the cotton mills. Miners had to work long hours in the dark and wet with many hazards to deal with which were not found in other work places. They were mainly problems to do with ventilation as mines became deeper. As fresh air could not be circulated round the tunnels gas was always problem. They included methane (firedamp), carbon monoxide (chokedamp) and carbon dioxide. There were many solutions, most being more dangerous than the gas itself. * Canaries were taken into the mine and if the canary died, gas was present and the miners needed to leave the pit. * Two shafts were cut and a fire was lit at the base of one of them, to take in fresh air down the other. This could explode the methane. * John Buddle invented an air pump, but it was very expensive and pit owners were reluctant to pay for it. No light penetrated the deep shafts so
How did the effects of the Industrial Revolution influence the ordinary lives of working people between 1750 and 1850?
How did the effects of the Industrial Revolution influence the ordinary lives of working people between 1750 and 1850? The typical view of social life within Industrial England between 1750 and 1850 is greatly demonstrated within Dickens's famous novel 'Hard Times' written to portray the urban struggles and changes taking place within society at that time (J. Stevenson, 1984). Infact most literature of the time agreed with the 'Condition of England' (1840's) statement that England had indeed witnessed great changes within the past 100 years or so. One thing is certain however and that is that a social revolution had not exactly taken place, rather more of a gradual transformation and turn from past ideals and social environments. Most historians now accept that the eighteenth century witnessed only the beginnings of processes, which were to take much of the next century to spread to the economy and society at large (Rule, 1986; Porter, 1982 et al). I will be examining the various effects that the Industrial Revolution had on the working class people within the years 1750 to 1850. This is so, because when changes and transformations of the social and work conditions take place, it is largely the working class people who experience this change at the greatest level. In general, what was taking place was the transformation of a rural, more secure working environment into an
