Find out if enzymes work faster or slower at different temperatures.
Nick Spong Biology 10/11/03 Introduction This is the plan and evaluation of an experiment to find out if enzymes work faster or slower at different temperatures. We will be timing how long it takes to see a cross through 20cm3 of Marvel milk solution at three different temperatures. We will be using the enzyme neutrase to break down Marvel milk. Hypothesis My hypothesis (theory) is that at temperatures over 40°c the neutrase will be increasingly denatured and the milk will not clarify. Under 40°c the neutrase will be slowed down. However I predict that at 40°c the neutrase will be working well as this temperature is near its optimum temperature and so the milk will decolorize the fastest. I have made my prediction based on the following evidence: The reason that the milk will decolorize or do anything at all is because neutrase is an enzyme. Enzymes are biological catalysts. This means that they are a biological life form that catalyses (speeds up) a process. They have an optimum temperature and pH. Both of these have to be almost exactly right, otherwise their performance deteriorates rapidly. In high temperatures the enzyme will be denatured and will not work even if you bring the temperature back down. However, at low temperatures, and low and high pH's, all you have to do is bring the environment close to the enzyme's optimum environment and the enzyme
Changes in Guilford's Central Business District from 1968 to 2002.
Changes in Guilford's Central Business District from 1968 to 2002 Aim The changes of many aspects of a CBD from the 1960s to the beginning of the 21st century had been immense, the changes nevertheless is an important feature of human geography that needs to be carefully studied. In order to achieve my aim I will have to identify the changes in land use from 1968-2002 in the CBD of Guildford and also compare the changes that had been made over the time. I will locate the areas with high and low pedestrian counts, and also the areas of high and low land value, both of which would give me a better overview of the CBD area. It will be equally important to identify zones of recent assimilation and discard to identify the changes. An investigation on the future changes of the CBD of Guildford would also be helpful to reach a higher degree of the understanding of the CBD and to explain the changes as our world today is advancing at an extraordinary pace in recent decays in many areas that already have, and definitely will cause great impacts on our lives. Guildford The understanding of Guildford's economical structure would help us to explain the changes of the CBD since structure of any CBD is largely affected by the local economy. Statistics has shown that the economy of Guildford is relatively good compared to other cities of similar size, Guildford has an area of 104 squared
Research question - Is using dogs for work ethical?
Dog behaviour CDA Introduction There are many ways that animals are connected to our lives. Some of us have them as pets, and even people who don't have a pet still have products (such as medicine) that have been tested on them. According to a website called 'The vegetarian site' very well known companies such as 'Max factor', 'Vaseline' & even 'Kleenex' have products that are animal tested. Some people protest that animal testing is not ethical because of the pain the animals have to endure for our benefit, but others argue that a lot of the medicine we have now wouldn't of existed if it hadn't of been so. A lot of argument has also gone into the concept of conditioning. We condition animals and even people without noticing we are doing it. Dogs are trained to sniff drugs in an airport and even children have a daily bed time that they are used to. So when J.B Watson sprung a debate about ethics when he conditioned Little Albert (who was just a baby at the time) to be afraid of rats and other things that looked similar, he had opened a controversy. Does there have to be pain to gain? Or will we ever find out if a dog thinks it is ethical for itself to be entered into a race? We were studying at school the behaviour and characteristics of animals that are similar to those of human beings alongside the ethics to support the current world debates & trends. This particular
How does the concentration of a sucrose solution affect the rate of Osmosis in Potato Cells?
Jennie Lace 10c How does the concentration of a sucrose solution affect the Rate of Osmosis in Potato Cells? PLAN I have chosen to investigate how the rate of osmosis taking place in potato cylinders varies when I change the concentration of the surrounding sucrose solution. I will vary the concentration of sucrose in the solution, and carry out various measurements on the potato cylinders before and after the experiment, to see what affect changing the concentration has had. I predict that with the lowest concentration of sucrose, the potato will increase in mass, because of water moving into the cells. The percentage increase will then get smaller each time I increase the concentration of sucrose in the solution. At some point, the mass of the potato will not increase, and will be the same as it was before (when there is no net flow of water particles in or out of the potato cells). After this, the mass of the potato will start to decrease as I keep on increasing the concentration of the sucrose solution. At some point the potato cylinders will lose all the water that they are able to, and the percentage mass loss will stop decreasing. This is what I expect the graph of my results to look like: Osmosis is the movement of water particles from a weak solution (a hypotonic solution) to a strong solution (a hypertonic solution. It happens through a selectively
Draw stress and strain graphs for the metal copper and the alloy constantan. Calculate the figures of young's modulus for copper and constantan. Discuss the physics involved.
AS Physics Data Analysis coursework This coursework assignment requires me analyse and evaluate data on copper and constantan given to me. It entails investigating the young's modulus of the metal and alloy. Thus I will use many methods during to complete my investigation. Aims: . To draw stress and strain graphs for the metal copper and the alloy constantan 2. To calculate the figures of young's modulus for copper and constantan 3. To discuss the physics involved Plan: In this investigation I have received results for extension of copper and constantan for certain forces applied to it, for which I will analyse and calculate the young's modulus. The results I have been given are forces applied to copper and constantan, three sets of results for the metal and alloy and this can be used by averaging data to give more accurate results thus these results given to me will be used to create graphs, calculate young's modulus and analyse data for both metals so I can complete my investigation. I will need to draw a force and extension graph for both copper and constantan, the extension shown will be the averaged value for each metal. I will also calculate the stress and strain values and plot this on a graph for both copper and constantan, I will plot these on the same graph and analyse the graph, hence I can find any patterns from the data and this will require me to draw
UNIT 1 COMMUNICATION P5, P6, M3 AND D1 , D2
Contents page Page 2 Introduction Page 3 Task 1 (D2) analysing communications between service users and key people Page 6 Task 2 (P5) participation in two interactions Page 8 Task 3 (P6) review of communications in the two interactions undertaken Page 10 Task 4 (M3) explanation of how communications could be more effective Page 12 Task 5 (D1) analysing the two interactions Page 14 Bibliographies Appendix The following assessment is about communications in the work placement. There are five pass criteria's to this assessment, which consists of two passes, one merit and two distinctions. The assessment focuses on how communication skills are used and their effectiveness. Task 1 (D2) Analyse how communication in health and social care settings assists patient/service users and other key people. The following observations were done in a 70-bed residential care/nursing home with a separate EMI unit, which caters for the mentally ill. There are two floors, each one a mirror image of the other. On each floor there are 35 bedrooms, 20 in the main part and 15 in the EMI unit. There is a resident's lounge on each floor that has a conservatory on the end where the residents who smoke can sit. In each lounge there is a central fireplace, a television at one end and a display cabinet at the other end, which has a music system on it. There are approximately 20 reclining chairs
Taking selected areas of the civil and or criminal law, evaluate whether sportsmen and women are treated differently from the general public in proceedings that have their origin on the field of play.
Sports Assignment Question 2 Taking selected areas of the civil and or criminal law, evaluate whether sportsmen and women are treated differently from the general public in proceedings that have their origin on the field of play. Answer Sport plays a major part in the culture of today's society. Many people spend considerable time in front of the television, in sports grounds and traveling all over the country to support their respective club whether it be football, rugby, cricket or netball etc. However whilst playing, spectating or just generally being involved in a sport, things can go wrong and this very often results in an action in the civil or criminal courts. Sporting incidents should be dealt with like any other civil or criminal action, however there is evidence this is not happening in many cases in both areas of law. There can be several areas of civil law where claims can be made. These are Negligence, occupier's liability, defamation, nuisance, trespass and animals. However not all these will need to be looked at, the main ones being Negligence and occupiers liability. It is in the area of negligence that I will look at the sporting cases and how they differ from non - sporting cases of civil wrongs. I will be looking at participators, clubs, referees and spectators. In the second section I will be looking at negligence and injuries in football and how
Language Aquisition Notes
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Theorists * Cognitive - Jean Piaget - can only understand lang when you understand concept (e.g. can talk in past tense when you know about time) * Behaviourist - Skinner learn through imitation - doesn't explain where new sentences come from * Nativist - Chomsky - Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - works out what is/isn't acceptable lang use using innate programmed patterns (which are general). exact rules learnt through trial and error. His theory supports the fact that children around the world seem to develop at a similar pace, irrespective of race/culture/mother tongue. (This also 'defies' Skinner's model) Also, the fact that there is a universal grammar amongst all languages of the world. & the fact that children consistently create new forms of language that they would not have heard before. * Conversely, John Macnamara - said that rather than having an in-built language device, children have an innate capacity to read meaning into social situations. It is this capacity that makes them capable of understanding and learning language, not the LAD. * Interactive - caretaker, motherese etc - slower pace than adult convo, simplified, repetition, short sentences, often caretaker asking 'where is___?', 'that's a___', tag questions to involve child ('isn't it?') * Example for importance of social interaction: Bard and Sachs. Studied a boy
Sainsbury's organizational structure.
Task 3 (E4, C2, A1) Sainsbury's organizational structure Businesses are structured into different into ways according to the way they operate and according to their culture. The structure of business can affect the way it works and performs. You need to understand the differences between the following types of structure: * Tall * Flat * Matrix * Hierarchical Flat and tall structure:- The term 'scalar chain is a rather old fashioned one and stems from the days when large organizations were bureaucratic, with lots of layers between the top and bottom. Scalar chain refers to the number of levels within the structure or hierarchy of an organization. The scalar chain set out the authority, responsibility and the framework that determined superior and subordinate relationships. The idea of setting out everyone's role and position is to make it clear who is responsible for what, and that there is clear line of authority. Matrix structure:- A matrix structure can be used to combine the grouping method we have identified. In such a matrix it is probable that each member of the organization will belong to two or more groups. A matrix is thus a combination of structures, which enables employees to contribute to a mix of activities. The matrix enables the organization to focus upon a number of aims at the same time, and gives it the flexibility to respond to new markets where
To determine the water potential of a potato tuber cell using varying salt solution.
Aim To determine the water potential of a potato tuber cell using varying salt solution. Introduction Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a region where it has higher water potential to a region where it has lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane1. As osmosis is a type of diffusion the same things that affect diffusion have an effect on osmosis some of theses things are: * The concentration gradient - the more the difference in molecules on one side of the membrane compared to the other, the greater the number of molecules passing through the membrane and therefore the faster the rate of diffusion2. * The surface area - the larger the area the quicker the rate of diffusion * The size of the diffusing particles - the smaller the particle the quicker the rate and polar molecules diffuse faster than non-polar ones3. * The temperature - the higher the temperature the more kinetic energy the particles have and so the faster they move. From the diagram4 we can see the process of osmosis in a simple expression. On the right side there is pure water, which has the maximum water potential of 0. Water potential is the pressure created by water. As you can see from the diagram the pure water is pushing its way through the semi permeable membrane at a high pressure. This is its water potential. Water potential is measured in kilopascals (kPa)
