Northern Ireland's conflict is a tangle of interrelated questions. What should be the essential political context for the people of Northern Ireland?
Northern Ireland's conflict is a tangle of interrelated questions. What should be the essential political context for the people of Northern Ireland? How can social and economic inequalities, especially in the field of employment, be remedied? How can the state accommodate religious and cultural differences relating to education, the Irish language and the broad spread of cultural expression? How can political disputes be conducted without resorting to violence? How can security and order be justly and inclusively administered in a deeply divided society? It is not easy to weigh the relative importance of these questions. Northern Ireland's population is approximately 55% Protestant and 45% Catholic, and the two communities place their emphases on different elements of the problem. Protestants are more likely to see the conflict in constitutional and security terms, and are primarily concerned about preserving the union with Britain and resisting the perceived threat of a united Ireland. Catholic views fall generally into two broad categories. Some perceive the issue as a nationalist struggle for self-determination, looking back to what they regard as the historical integrity of the island and the gerrymander of partition. Others approach it as a problem of corruption or unfair practices by successive Unionist governments between the 1920s and the 1970s which, if removed,
Local and National Provision - athletics in Northern Ireland
Local and National Provision As part of my As level coursework I have to look at a chosen sport and find out about the development of it from grass roots to elite level. My chosen sport is athletics in Northern Ireland. Flowchart showing the pathway from grass roots to elite: Grass roots Schools Clubs Schools Club Competitions Competitions Ulster School's Northern Ireland/ Selection Ulster Selection Ireland/Great Britain Selection Grass root levels in athletics starts at Primary schools. Northern Ireland Athletics Federation (NIAF) has a number of programmes to introduce athletics to children of this age. An example is the 30,40,50 club where children are encourage to walk, jog or run 1 mile no more than twice a week. When a child has completed 30,40 or 50 miles they will receive a certificate. Not only is this scheme designed to introduce athletics to children but it also improves their health and fitness. There are a number of other schemes including sports hall athletics. These events take place across the UK and include team relays and field events which are designed to make athletics fun. At Secondary school age athletics starts to become more competitive and selection for teams are made. Athletics is taught in most schools up
What was the chance of peace in Northern Ireland prior to the good friday agreement?
What Was The Chance Of Peace In Northern Ireland Prior To The Good Friday Agreement? Prior to the Good Friday Agreement there were many suggested solutions to how the problems in Northern Ireland would be solved. The two main problems that they faced in Northern Ireland were direct rule and the sectarian violence. From the amount of peace talks and negotiations between the feuding factions one would have thought that peace was imminent, however up until the Good Friday Agreement there were no developments taking Northern Ireland in to a more peaceful situation. The first attempts at peace began in 1973 at Sunningdale. The proposal for Sunningdale was to create a devolved power sharing Government in Northern Ireland with the power shared between the Nationalists and the Unionists. In all of the peace talks there have been five groups involved. The first two groups were the British and Irish Governments, they backed all of the proposals at Sunningdale due to necessity even though the British Government at the time wanted to keep Northern Ireland in the UK to please the Unionists and the Irish Government wanted a united Ireland, but by peaceful means. The other groups were slightly harder to please. The Nationalists wished to use political means to gain a united Ireland. They were pleased with the proposal, as it would have gained them more power in a Government where they had
Nationalism In Britain
NATIONALISM IN BRITAIN The state is officially the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, but this is clouded in ambiguity - many refer to 'the UK' or simply 'Britain', while part of the state, England, is often confused with the whole. The UK is not, strictly speaking, a nation-state, since it consists of four nations. Some living in the UK claim a dual national allegiance (e.g. British and Irish) while others describe themselves as English or British, depending on mood and circumstances. There are also members of ethnic minorities who are full citizens of the UK, but whose national identity and allegiance is doubtful in the eyes of others, and perhaps sometimes to themselves. England was politically united from the 10th century, with strong links with Scandinavia until the Norman conquest, and then with France until the 15th century. From the 16th century n English national consciousness developed. Wales was politically subject to the English crown from the 13th century, being formally united with England in 1536; the Welsh had little say in the process of absorption under English rule. Ireland was more erratically controlled by the English monarchy from the 12th century, but unlike Britain remained obstinately Catholic, apart from Ulster which was forcibly settled by Scottish Protestants from the 17th century. In 1801 it was politically united with England
In what ways were the demands of the Irish Civil Rights Movement similar to those of the American Blacks Civil Rights Movement?
Question 1 In what ways were the demands of the Irish Civil Rights Movement similar to those of the American Blacks Civil Rights Movement? There were similarities in the demands of the Irish Civil Rights Movement in Northern Ireland and those of the American Blacks Civil Rights Movement in the United States. However, there were also differences in some of their demands. Most of the original grievances in both countries stemmed from corrupt governments. These demands wanted these grievances to be sorted out. Both movements used the slogan 'one man, one vote'. But these meant slightly different things. The Irish Civil Rights Movement only requested one man, one vote in council elections. But the American Blacks Civil Rights Movement demanded one man, one vote in all elections. Both groups of people suffered discrimination in the allocation of houses. In America and in Northern Ireland, civil rights protesters demanded fair allocation of houses. In Northern Ireland and in the United States, Catholics and Negroes alike suffered from police brutality. In Northern Ireland, civil rights protesters called for an end to this. The B' Specials were largely responsible for such acts. This was a part time police force consisting entirely of Protestants. As a result, Catholics suffered. In the USA, police officers regularly discriminated against blacks. The American Blacks
Why should an American president like bill Clinton have so much interest in the events in Ireland?
Why should an American president like bill Clinton have so much interest in the events in Ireland? Some of the Irish emigrated to America to start a new and better life so this is where Bill Clinton comes in to it, because Clinton promised The Irish Americans that he would help out them start a new and better life living in America that is why 2 million Catholics emigrated, even once the Irish had emigrated out to America they still sent the I.R.A money and weapons because they wanted Ireland to stay as a single country and they wanted the British out. Another reason that Bill Clinton helped out the Irish immigrants was because he came from an Irish background, both of his grandparents were Irish so he naturally wants to use his power to sort out the problems in Ireland. Also America was the biggest, wealthiest and most powerful country in the world so they thought they could intimidate other countries so they could get involved in many different affairs that took place in that particular country, but most of the time they made the countries worse for example Kosovo and Iraq . Another reason that was because he was the first President to visit Ireland when he stayed there for a few days back in 1995, he has also contacted both leaders in Ireland to try and come to some sort of arrangement to call peace. This was how George Mitchell was able to form a cease-fire in northern
Why did violence erupt in Northern Ireland in October 1968?
Why did violence erupt in Northern Ireland in October 1968? English involvement can be traced back to the Norman English invading in the 12th century. Although there was some conflict by 1500 nearly all the people in Ireland shared a common culture, spoke the same language (Gaelic) and were all Catholics. During the reformation in the 16th century England became a protestant country while Ireland remained Catholic. The English government decided to "plant" colonies of loyal Protestants and give land to them in order to keep control. This policy is known as Plantation. The Catholics were not happy with the plantation and rebelled against the protestant settlers in Ulster, which was brutally stopped by Oliver Cromwell. Land was taken from the Catholic protestors and given to the loyal Protestants. This angered the Catholics. In 1960 Catholic James II was defeated by the Protestant William of Orange at the battle of Boyne, from this point onwards Catholics were discriminated against and were given second class status. In1845-49 a potato famine occurred. This caused widespread starvation. Many Irish emigrated to America and Australia, the English government was blamed and criticised for not doing more to help. During the 19th century there were attempts to achieve independence of some form to Ireland. These nationalists' struggles culminated in the demand for Home Rule
How Accurate is it to say that the Causes of the Demonstrations outside the Holy Cross Primary School in August 2001 date back to only 1968?
How Accurate is it to say that the Causes of the Demonstrations outside the Holy Cross Primary School in August 2001 date back to only to 1968? It would be short-sighted to say that the causes of the Holy-Cross Incident date back only to 1968. I believe that 1968 was just a link in a chain of events which led up to the Holy-Cross Incident. The two side's views have been caused by events that have happened during the past, going back as far as the reign of Henry VIII, during the reformation. The Holy-Cross Incident is an example of the violence and hatred between the Catholics and Protestants. The incident happened because the Nationalist School is located in a staunchly loyalist enclave in the mainly nationalist area of Ardoyne, in North Belfast. Around 100 children & their parents walked down the loyalist Ardoyne Road to get to the main entrance of their school. Riot police armed with Perspex shields and batons had to escort them through venom, spittle and missiles of broken planks embedded with nails coming from the loyalist residents of the road. The loyalists were unhappy that 'their' road was being used by Nationalists and the Nationalists weren't using the back entrance of the school to avoid going down 'their' road. The reason for this protest could be just an excuse for the loyalists to cause another conflict between the two sides or it could be a nationalist tactic
Explain how and why serious violence broke out in Northern Ireland from 1968 to 1972.
The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) was formed in 1967, and were fully informed about the awful condition of the status quo. These well educated, Catholics (mainly) in Northern Ireland, didn't actually want to overthrow the Northern Ireland state, but instead wanted to expose the discrimination they endured for decades, and chiefly they wanted to play an active role within the state, and within it be able take up professional positions e.g. in Government etc, with no prejudice. The organisation declared they were launching a peaceful campaign, and even went to the extent of comparing themselves to the successful Civil rights movement in the USA, headed by Martin Luther King. The Nationalist MP and Civil rights campaigner Austin Currie organised and staged a 'sit in' protest in a house in County Tyrone, Currie was trying to highlight the issue that the council were discriminative in the allocation of housing, because this particular house belonged to a single Protestant and not a Catholic family with children. Marches followed this protest to emphasize their support, the first of which proved to be peaceful, however the following march led to violence. The Londonderry march was banned by N.Ireland's Home Affairs Minister William, using the Special Powers Act. However, this didn't deter the marchers, it infact did the opposite and made the demonstrators more
Northern Ireland course work
Northern Ireland course work I am going to write about the troubles in Northern Ireland from the Battle of the Boyne to the Good Friday agreement. I am going to study the main causes of the troubles in Northern Ireland and how they started and why they have had such a big impact on the way Northern Ireland has been shaped because of this. The main troubles in Northern Ireland have been caused by the way the Catholics and the Protestants have been fighting each other and how they can't agree on the way Northern Ireland should be split and how Northern Ireland should be ran. I am going to study three main events in Northern Ireland's history. They are, the Battle of the Boyne, the Easter rising and bloody Sunday. The siege of Londonderry occurred in 1688 and finally ended in 1690 with the battle of the Boyne. The causes of this war were that James the 2nd tried to use catholic help to win back the throne from William of Orange. James attacked Londonderry and was held back by the apprentice boys of the city in July 1968. This gave William enough time to gather his troops and attack James at Londonderry in 1689. William of Orange defeated James in the Battle of the Boyne. The consequences of this war were that the Protestants became the ultimate force in Ireland and in this they began to own most of the land in Ireland. However the treaty of limerick was very kind on the
