An Investigation Into What Affects How Much Copper Is Deposited On A Pure Copper Cathode.
An Investigation Into What Affects How Much Copper Is Deposited On A Pure Copper Cathode. Plan Aim The aim of this investigation is to find out what effects the amount of copper deposited on a pure copper cathode. We already know that by passing an electric current through a copper sulphate solution the atoms at the anode dissolve while at the cathode positive ions are gathering and collect up. Variables Variables are what we can change in the experiment here are some of them: * We can change the amount of current passed through the electrodes. * We can change the strength of the solution by adding and reducing the amount. * We can also vary how long the experiment is left while an electric current is passed through the electrodes. We choose to change the amount of current passed through the electrodes using a variable resistor. I choose this because it is simple and gives off good and clear results. Predictions A simple prediction would be to say that the mass of copper deposited at the anode would decrease, and the mass of copper deposited at the cathode would increase. It is also possible to predict when using time as a variable, that the relationship between the time the current flows and the mass of copper deposited at the cathode will be proportional. I can then predict that if I double the time of the experiment, I will be doubling
Is Aluminium a Suitable Metal for Manufacturing Bicycles?
Is Aluminium a Suitable Metal for Manufacturing Bicyces? Extraction Process for Aluminium The ore of aluminium is Bauxite and it contains 52.9% aluminium and 47.1% oxygen. The extraction of aluminium takes three main stages: * The mining of bauxite * Refining of the ore to produce aluminium oxide * Electrolysis of aluminium oxide to produce aluminium Mining Bauxite is mined by removing the top layers of soil and then removing the ore from the area by use of explosives to break it into moveable pieces. The bauxite is then crushed on site, sometimes washed to remove soil and clay and then dried in a kiln or it may just be dried. It is then ready to be transported by railway or ships to refineries. Refining Bauxite is made of aluminium oxide-2-water (Al2O3.2H2O) and silicon (IV) oxide (SiO2) and iron (III) oxide (Fe2O3). The bauxite is refined to extract pure aluminium oxide: * The bauxite is ground * Then heated with concentrated NaOH (aq) * This forms a solution of sodium aluminate and sodium silicate, plus a residue of iron (III) oxide, which is removed. * CO2(g) is blown in and the sodium silicate remains in solution, but a precipitate if aluminium hydroxide is formed. * The mixture is then filtered, washed and heated to leave anhydrous aluminium oxide (alumina). * Al2O3 is left. Electrolysis This is how the aluminium and oxygen is separated, through
the chemistry of iron
Write an essay on the chemistry of iron Introduction Iron has an electronic configuration of . It is a d-block element. Also, iron is a transition metal. It has all the properties of a transition metal, including variable oxidation states, complex formation, coloured ions and catalytic properties. General properties of iron Like other metals, iron has a shiny surface. It conducts heat and electricity well. Iron is very tough, so it is always used as building materials. Moreover, iron is cheap when compared with other metals; therefore, it is widely used in all kinds of manufacturing. Variable oxidation states Since the successive ionization enthalpies of transition metals only increases gradually and in particular, the energy difference between 3d and 4s shells is very small, transition metals have variable oxidation states. Iron has two major oxidation states: +2 and +3. Fe2+: Fe3+: As Fe3+ has a half-filled 3d subshell, Fe3+ has extra stability over Fe2+. This can be reflected from the particularly low third ionization enthalpy. Fe2+ can readily be oxidized to Fe3+. Coloured ions and complex formation Complex is formed when ligands form dative covalent bonds with the central atom/ion. Transition metal ions like Fe2+ and Fe3+ can form complexes with ligands readily because they have large charge/radius ratio and low lying vacant d-orbitals available for
Effect of increasing charge on Mass of Copper Deposited.
Chemistry Coursework Effect of increasing charge on Mass of Copper Deposited Diagram Method * I will fist weigh the cathode * I will then set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram * Then switch the power pack on * I will wait 10 minutes and then weigh the cathode, I will do this for 50 minutes every 10 minutes My Independent Variable is the Charge My Dependent Variable is the Mass of the cathode The controlled variables are the concentration of Copper sulphate and the temperature Prediction: I can predict that there will be a positive coloration between the increase of charge and the amount of copper produced at the cathode. Scientific Explanation: Current is the flow of electrons in a circuit - in the case of electrolysis the flow is towards the cathode and away from the anode. Within the solution, the current flows because of the presence of negative and positive ions. Copper sulphate is an ionic salt, which contains no free electrons. However, it does contain ions (which are charged particles) fixed in a crystalline structure. When copper sulphate is dissolved, the copper sulphate solution becomes an electrolyte because the ions become free to move and they can conduct electricity. At the cathode, the copper ions, being more reactive than the hydrogen ions are deposited whilst the hydrogen ions
The production of plastics involves a process called polymerization.
Plastics Plastics consist of a variation of materials deriving from petroleum. Plastics are made up from various combinations of elements. Plastics are easily moulded into shapes and degrade slowly. It is these qualities of plastics that make plastics so useful for many purposes. However the production of plastics has many environmental consequences. The production of plastics involves a process called polymerization. Polymerization is the process whereby multiple monomers are joined in cohesion to form a polymer chain. These monomers are extracted from crude oils. The polymerization process causes the liquid monomers to change into solid polymers due to the increase of molecular weight. The production of plastics involves the extraction of monomers from crude oil such as petroleum. Crude oil is a non renewable resource so it is therefore imperative that the production of plastic is minimized. There are many different types of plastic packaging. Polyethylene terephthalate and high density polyethylene is used for bottling. Low density polyethylene is used for carrier bags and packaging films. Polypropylene is used for margarine tubs. Polystyrene is used for yoghurt pots, egg cartons, packaging for electronic goods and toys, foam hamburger boxes. Plastics are an essential part of the packaging industry. Plastics properties enable it to be easy to handle in various
The Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate.
The Electrolysis of Copper Sulphate Aim Analyse and evaluate the quantity of Copper (Cu) metal deposited during the electrolysis of Copper Sulphate solution (CuSo4) using Copper electrodes, when certain variables were changed. Results Voltage across Concentration of solution electrode 0.5M 1.0M 2.0M 2 5.0 0.6 9.5 4 0.5 9.8 40.3 6 4.3 26.0 60.2 8 5.2 40.4 80.3 0 5.0 40.2 99.6 2 5.1 40.0 17.0 Analysing/Conclusion The input variables in this experiment are; concentration of the solution and the voltage across the electrodes. The outcome is the amount of copper gained (measured in grams) at the electrodes. By analyzing the graph, we can see the rapid increase of weight gained for the 2.0 molar concentration as the gradient is steeper. Whereas the 1.0 mol and 0.5 mol concentrations increases steadily at a slower rate. This obviously shows that if the voltage increase, the weight also increases. Hence I can conclude; the higher then voltage and concentration, the more copper is produced. The reason for this would be because we used electrolysis. This is used to separate metals from their ores and metal compounds. The electrolyte (solution) contains negative and positive ions. For electrolysis to work there must be the same amount of positive ions to negative ions so that the solution is
Controlled Assessment - Fertlilisers Research
Fertilisers Fertilisers are made from ammonia and are used in modern farming as they increase crop yield. The three main fertilisers made from ammonia include, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and urea. How are they manufactured? Fertilisers are made by the reaction of an acid and an alkali. The preparation of a fertiliser in a lab involves the following equipment: a measuring cylinder to measure the volume of a particular acid, a burette to add an alkali to the acid to try and make the solution neutral and a filter funnel to remove the solid crystals of fertiliser from the solution. The pH (power of hydrogen) value of the solution can be measured by taking samples while using universal indicator. In our examples; ammonia is reacted with nitric acid to make ammonium nitrate and ammonia is reacted with sulphuric acid to make ammonium sulphate. [2] NH3 + HNO3 › NH4NO3 Ammonia + Nitric Acid › Ammonium Nitrate NH3 + H2SO4 › (NH4)2SO4 Ammonia + Sulphuric Acid › Ammonium Sulphate When these fertilisers are manufactured in a factory the ammonia and the acid are pumped into a mixing vessel, where the solution is neutralised. The solution is then heated and the water evaporates off leaving the molten ammonium nitrate/sulphate which is sprayed into a cooling chamber. Air is blown into the bottom of the cooling chamber to cool the ammonium nitrate/sulphate. The
An investigation to see how voltage affects The electrolysis in a copper Sulphate solution using copper electrodes.
An investigation to see how voltage affects The electrolysis in a copper Sulphate solution using copper electrodes. Aim To find out how the voltage affected the electrolysis in a copper sulphate solution by weighing the amount of copper that was on the anode and the cathode and then comparing the difference from before the electrolysis. Theory Electrolysis is the process of decomposing the compounds by electrical energy and an element is produced at each electrode. In this case I have chosen copper sulphate solution to electrolyse. In the experiment when the solution is being electrolysed it starts to decompose and at cathode there is copper formed and oxygen at the anode. This is caused by electricity from the power supply, which has caused a chemical change. The reaction, which occurs at the cathode, is: Cu2+ (aq) +2e- › Cu (s) The reaction, which occurs at the anode, is: Cu (s) › Cu2+ (aq) + 2e- Variables The possible independent variables that could have been tested in this test are the following; the amount of copper sulphate in the beaker, the current, the voltage, the size of anode and cathode, the duration of time given for it to electrolyse and the distance between the anode and the cathode whilst inside the electrolyte In this test we have decided to set the voltage as our independent variable. We will then see how much copper is deposited after 3
What is a metal ore?
What is a metal ore? An ore is any kind of rock or mineral from which a metal can be profitably extracted. Metals are rarely found uncombined (as elements) in nature. They are nearly always present in the forms of compounds, often where the metal is chemically joined with oxygen. Only the most unreactive metals, like silver and gold will be found pure. The most common metals are oxides and sulphides. Ores are rocks from which we extract metals. Metals are found naturally in rocks called ores. They are in compounds, chemically bonded to other elements. However, the unreactive metals are at the bottom of the reactivity series can be found as the elements themselves. We say they are found native. We can find copper, silver, gold and platinum as the metals in nature. What factors do companies consider when deciding whether to extract a metal from its ore? There are many different factors that the companies will look for, a few of them are: - How much will it cost? - How to extract the metal? - How much the metal will be worth etc. What are the three methods of metal extraction? Given that most metals are only found locked up in their ores, but how do you go about getting them out? For a few metals, such as mercury, heat will do the trick. But for most ores the temperatures needed are far too high to make this a practical possibility. Another approach is needed. There are
An investigation into the factors which affect the currentflowing during electrolysis
An investigation into the factors which affect the current flowing during electrolysis Introduction Electric current is the flow of electrons. Sodium chloride in solution is able to conduct electricity because when dissolved sodium ions and chloride ions are produced. The chloride ions that are negatively charged due to their extra electron are attracted to the anode where they give up that extra electron and bond with other molecules to form the chlorine gas, Cl2. The extra electron then flows through the circuit to the cathode. H+ ions in the solution are attracted to the negative charge of the cathode and there they gain the extra electrons that originally belonged to the Cl- ions. Hydrogen gas is then formed and the circuit is complete. 2e + 2H+ --> H2 2Cl- - 2e --> Cl2 Variables Concentration of NaCl- The bigger the concentration the more ions will be in the solution. This will mean that more ions will get to the electrodes, which means more electrons will get into the wire. This will greater the current. Temperature- the ions will go quicker to the electrodes as the water will vibrate quicker when hotter. This will increase the current. Voltage- The current would be decreased because by ohm's law v=ir Surface area of the electrodes- if the surface area on the electrode increases there will be more space for the ions to go to and therefore the current will
