Should food additives be banned
Should food additives be banned? Contents: s Introduction Page 1 Why use additives? Page 2 Benefits and risks of food additives Page3 E-numbers and why are they used? Page 4 Different types of food additives Page 5 The two main food colourings? Page 6 Health risks of food colourings Page 6 Case Study; No more blue smarties! Page 7 For and against for food additives Page 7 Hyperactivity in children Page 8 Conclusion Page 9 Bibliography Page 9 Why use additives? People use additives in food to make the food look more attractive and colourful also to make customers' buy the food. Additives are used so the foods have a high quality. Many people enjoy making cakes, breads and ice-creams at home, however most of today's food is bought from shops and supermarkets. In some products, they are so essential that additives are used even in certain organic foods. Many foods can be made at home without the addition of gelling agents.Thickners or stabilizers. Food cooked often produced in small
Nutrients in a Balanced Diet
Nutrients in a Balanced Diet The 6 main nutrients are carbohydrates, fibre, vitamins, fats, protein and iron. Foods like cereals, bread, rice, pasta are good sources of carbohydrates and they give us the energy we need to do daily activities. If your daily calorie intake is 2,000 calories this amounts to at least 250 grams of carbohydrate per day. 1,500 calories a day equates to 188 grams of carbohydrate per day. Dried peas and beans like lentils, chickpeas and kidney beans are the best sources of fibre and is important for keeping the digestive tract working smoothly. Since we do not digest it, the fibre in food passes into the intestine and absorbs water. In the UK we eat on average 12g fibre per day, but new guidelines suggest this should rise to 18g, of both kinds of fibre. You get vitamins by eating foods from different food groups like pork, poultry, eggs and fish are the best sources of vitamin The vitamins work together to help your body use the energy you get from food. Some vitamins are also important in helping the body use protein from the diet to build new cells and tissues. The suggested daily requirements for men, women are shown in the Table below. Vitamin Men Women A 0.7mg 0.6mg B1 .0mg 0.8mg B2 .3mg .1mg Nicin 9mg 5mg B6 .4mg .2mg Pantothenic acid 5mg 5mg Folic acid 0.2mg 0.2mg Biotin 0.03mg 0.1mg B12 0.002mg 0.002mg C
Testing Alcohol
Testing Alcohol Aim To find out if the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms in alcohol affect how well they burn. Apparatus Clamp stand, alcohol burners containing: methanol, ethanol and propanol, splints, goggles, heat mat, copper beaker, water, thermometer, scales, water. Method Put 100g of water in a copper beaker and put in a thermometer, record the temperature and attach to clamp stand. Weigh the alcohol burner containing methanol and record the result, place under the beaker. Light the alcohol burner and wait till the water has reached 10 c more than the starting temperature. Put out the alcohol burner and weigh again. Then record the temperature the water is currently at and re-light the alcohol burner heat for another 10 c and then reweigh the alcohol burner and record the result. Repeat this for 10, 20, 30 and 40 c above the starting temperature, record the result for all of them. Now repeat the entire experiment again but using ethanol, then propanol in the alcohol burner. Results METHANOL 0 c 20 c 30 c 40 c Start temp ( c) 24 24 24 24 End Temp ( c) 36 50 54 64 Change in temp ( c) 2 26 30 40 Start Weight (g) 217.8 64.1 75.34 216.53 End Weight (g) 216.53 59.82 72.46 213.51 Change in weight (g) .27 4.28 2.88 3.02 Ethanol 0 c 20 c 30 c 40 c Start temp ( c) 24 25 26 22 End temp ( c) 34 45 56 63 Change in temp (
Alcohols Coursework
GCSE Chemistry - Alcohols Coursework Planning This investigation involves burning alcohol in the air. Key science- Chemistry by Eileen Ramsden says that " an alcohol is a series of organic, homologous compounds, with the general formula Cn H2n+1OH". The alcohol reacts with the oxygen in the air to form the products water and carbon dioxide: Cn H2n+1OH +(n+n/2)-1O2 ? nH2O + nCO2 The structure of the molecules in this reaction is: H H | | H - C - C - O- H + 3[O=O] ? 1/2[O=C=O] + 3[H-O-H] | | H H This reaction is exothermic, as heat is given out. This is because the amount reactant energy is more than the product energy the difference between this is ?H, therefore some energy has been given out in the form of heat.The energy is given out when forming the bonds between the new water and carbon dioxide molecules. This can be shown in an energy level diagram: Reaction co-ordinate ?H is the heat content, which is the enthalpy, which is negative in exothermic reactions as the diagram shows that energy is 'lost' as heat. Enthalpy is defined as the energy of reaction, or the heat energy associated with a chemical change. Chemical Principles By Master & Slowinski says that "For any reaction carried out directly at a constant pressure, the heat flow is exactly equal to the difference between enthalpy of products and that of the reactants", or: Qp = Hp - Hr = ?H Where Qp is the
Chemistry Gold
I am assigned to complete a science piece of coursework on Gold and alloying, to start my assignment I would like to start off with a question, 'What is Gold?' Gold is an element, a precious metal which is usually found in mines like pieces or nuggets and then extracted into a pure metal. I have found out that and going to explain the physical properties of gold. Alloys are a blend of mixture of metals, the alloys as part of gold are referred to as carats, with pure gold as 24 carat gold. Therefore each carat represents approximately 4.17% by weight of gold. For example, a piece of 9 carat jewellery contains 37.5% by weight of gold, pure gold is yellow which makes it alluring. Gold has many features, some of the features are that it is soft, shiny, malleable (to be able to bend, which describes a metal that can be sharped without breaking), ductile (malleable enough to be worked: able to be drawn out into wire or hammered into very thin sheets. The most prominent use of gold is in jewellery (an item of adornment). Its other uses are, currency, computer chips, store of value, sculpture (gold plated items). The Properties of Pure Gold Pure gold which is 24 carat the most expensive because it is the most purest and has the least amount of other metals, and is actually bought for jewellery, the colour is yellow which also makes it charisma, this type of gold is the softest and
Design- Rate of Reaction
Chemistry Laboratory Report To Study the Factors Affecting the Rate of Reaction Design Nikita Bansal B.D.Somani International School Chemistry Standard Level Candidate Number- 002602015 Session: May 2010 AIM To study the factors affecting the rate of reaction RESEARCH QUESTION What is the effect of changing the concentration of sodium thiosulphate by 5cm3 upon the rate of reaction in the reaction between sodium thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid keeping volume of acid, temperature, number of stirs, pressure and surface area constant? BACKGROUND INFORMATION The rate of reaction is often judged by the Collision Theory. This theory created by Max Trautz and William Lewis qualitatively explains how chemical reactions occur and why reaction rates differ for different reactions. This theory is based on the idea that the reactants must collide in order for any reaction to take place. Increasing the concentration of reactants causes an increase in the frequency of collisions, thus increasing the rate of reaction. Although you keep the temperature constant, kinetic theory is relevant. This is because the molecules in the reaction mixture have a range of energy levels. When collisions occur, they do not always result in a reaction. If the two colliding molecules have sufficient energy they will react. HYPOTHESIS It can be predicted that if the concentration of a
Hydrochloric acid
White Cameron Mr. Bolton Physical Science 5 December 2009 Hydrochloric Acid Hydrochloric acid is one of the most acidic natural substances on Earth. Its name, Hydrogen chloride, comes from its chemical formula HCl. It is named this because it is an ionic bond. There is only one of each atom, because Hydrogen has a charge of 1 positive, and Chlorine has a charge of 1 negative. So using the "Criss-Cross Method" we can tell that there is only one of each atom. It is commonly referred to as Hydrochloric acid, or Muriatic acid. Their valence electrons are shared to form this compound. Hydrochloric acid is widely used in the modern world for the pickling of steel, or removing rust from iron and steel, it is even used to digest food in our bodies. It is a very useful compound in our everyday lives. Hydrochloric acid is essential for living nowadays, its wide range of uses makes life easier for everyone. The compound Hydrochloric acid has a unique set of physical properties. It is commonly found in its liquid state. It is sold at roughly distributed at 30% concentration, at a mixture of Hydrochloric acid and water. It is colorless to a light yellow. HCl's melting point is at -27.32°C. Its boiling point is at 110°C. Its density is 1.18 g/cm‹. It is an extremely corrosive substance with a ph level of -8 pKa. Hydrochloric acid has physical properties like no other
Combustion of Alcohols Investigation.
Combustion of Alcohols Investigation PLAN Aim: To find out how much energy is required to burn enough of the following alcohols: methanol, ethanol, propanol and pentanol, in order to heat a beaker of water by 40°. The combustion of an alcohol is an exothermic reaction, meaning that more energy is given off during the process than is being taken in. by knowing the individual bond energies for each bond, we can calculate what the energy values obtained from our investigation should aspire to to be accurate. Each bond (eg. C-H, where the '-' signifies a single bond, or O=O, where the '=' denotes a double bond), have different energies. They are as follows: Bond Bond energy (kJmol-1) C-H O=O C=O H-O C-C C-O 435 497 803 464 347 358 MOLECULE DIAGRAMS The following are the reactions which occur when each alcohol combusts. METHANOL: CH3OH + 11/2 O2 CO2 + 2H2O ETHANOL: CH3CH2OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O PROPANOL: CH3CH2CH2OH + 41/2 O2 3CO2 + 4H2O PENTANOL: CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH + 71/2 O2 5CO2 + 6H2O Given this knowledge we can calculate how much energy should be given out per mole of alcohol that is combusted. To do this we add up the bond energies for each bond that is either broken or made during the combustion process. We then simply subtract the total energy given out from the total energy used up. We should in theory obtain a negative number from this, as
To Determine The Concentration Of A Limewater Solution
To Determine The Concentration Of A Limewater Solution. Aim: To determine the concentration of a limewater solution using hydrochloric acid of a known concentration of 2.00 moldm-3. Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl(aq) --> CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) This shows that the reactants react in a 1:2 ratio. This will be carried out using a titration. However, as the concentration of the calcium hydroxide in the limewater is approximately 1g dm-3 and the concentration of the hydrochloric acid is 2.00moldm-3 the concentration of the hydrochloric acid needs to be reduced. This can be done by a dilution. To make the colour change in the titration distinct and so you know straight away when the solution has been neutralised phenolphthalein indicator will be used, as suggested in Understanding Chemistry. Safety: HCl is high in concentration and so could be irritant. Lab coat and safety goggles must be worn. Apparatus List: For dilution: * Graduated pipette (5cm-3) * 250cm3 volumetric flask. * Distilled Water. * HCl solution. For titration: * Graduated Pipette (25cm3) * Burette, Stand and Clamp * Funnel * Beaker containing 0.02moldm-3 HCl solution. * Beaker containing limewater of unknown concentration. * Conical Flask * Phenolphthalein Indicator & White Tile Preparations: To work out the number of moles we can use the 'n=m/M' equation. Concentration of Ca(OH)2(aq). g dm-3
To Show How the Volume of Fuel Affects the Energy Output In the Form of Heat
Investigation To Show How The Volume Of Fuel Affects The Energy Output In The Form Of Heat Prediction The choice of variables are as follows volume/mass of fuel, volume of water, distance from can & burning time. I chose volume/mass of fuel. I predict that the larger the volume/mass of fuel the more energy will be released. I believe this because if you have a larger volume/mass of fuel it will contain more bonds than a smaller volume/mass and so will have the potential to give off more energy when bonds are formed. This is backed up by the fact that atoms have a mass, and so when there is a larger mass it obviously means there is more atoms and where there is atoms there is bonds to hold the atoms together to form a compound. Thus having more atoms(weight) means there is more bonds(energy potential) to form and give off energy. Ethanol Bond Values H H C? C ?347j x 1=347j ? ? C? H ?413j x 5=2065j H? O ? C? C ? H C? O ?358j x 1=358j * ? O ? H ?464j x 1=464j H H 347+2065+358+464=3234 joules So 1 molecule of ethanol has the potential bond energy of 3234joules. The equation for this experiment is as follows:- CH3CH2OH + 3O2 ??Combustion??? 3H2O + 2CO2 Ethanol + Oxygen
