Draw stress and strain graphs for the metal copper and the alloy constantan. Calculate the figures of young's modulus for copper and constantan. Discuss the physics involved.
AS Physics Data Analysis coursework This coursework assignment requires me analyse and evaluate data on copper and constantan given to me. It entails investigating the young's modulus of the metal and alloy. Thus I will use many methods during to complete my investigation. Aims: . To draw stress and strain graphs for the metal copper and the alloy constantan 2. To calculate the figures of young's modulus for copper and constantan 3. To discuss the physics involved Plan: In this investigation I have received results for extension of copper and constantan for certain forces applied to it, for which I will analyse and calculate the young's modulus. The results I have been given are forces applied to copper and constantan, three sets of results for the metal and alloy and this can be used by averaging data to give more accurate results thus these results given to me will be used to create graphs, calculate young's modulus and analyse data for both metals so I can complete my investigation. I will need to draw a force and extension graph for both copper and constantan, the extension shown will be the averaged value for each metal. I will also calculate the stress and strain values and plot this on a graph for both copper and constantan, I will plot these on the same graph and analyse the graph, hence I can find any patterns from the data and this will require me to draw
The factors affecting the resistance of a metalic conductor.
INVESTIGATION: THE FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESISTANCE OF A METALLIC CONDUCTOR Metals conduct electricity because the electrons in the metal can move about inside the structure. These electrons are called free electrons. Electricity is conducted through a conductor by means of free electrons. Atoms consist of protons, electrons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons make the nucleus of an atom while the electrons circle the outer area of the atom. Electrons in metal are able to move freely and are used as current in an electric circuit. This is because they carry a charge and can move all around the circuit with this charge. While these electrons are travelling around the circuit, atoms are sometimes in the way, causing the two to collide. This takes out some of the energy from the electron and transfers it to the atom. This is how resistance occurs. The number of free electrons depends on the material and the more the free electrons in a substance the better the material as a conductor. All conductors offer resistance to the flow of current. The conductor's atoms determine this resistance. For example copper atoms offer negligible resistance to an electric current because a significant proportion of its electrons are free to move from electron to electron. Thus copper is commonly used as a conductor. Current, is the flow of electrons around a circuit. Those materials,
To investigate how the resistance, R, of a length of wire, l, changes with diameter, D and determine the resistivity of the material the wire used.
Resistance of a Wire Aim To investigate how the resistance, R, of a length of wire, l, changes with diameter, D and determine the resistivity ? of the material the wire used. Introduction In this experiment, I am investigating the resistance, length and diameter to find the resistivity of a wire. Hence, we use the resistance formula to calculate this: R is the resistance of the conductor in Ohms (?) A is the cross sectional area in m2 l is the length of the wire in metres (m) ? is the resistivity of the material in Ohm metres (?m) Three external factors influence the resistance in a conductor. Thickness (cross-sectional area of the wire), length, and temperature all have some effect on the amount of resistance created in a wire. The fourth factor is the resistivity of the material we are using. The wires which are available for use are: Constantan (mm) Nichrome (mm) Cross sectional area (x 10-8m2) 2.d.p 0.19 2.80 0.23 4.10 0.28 0.28 6.10 0.31 0.31 7.50 0.37 0.37 0.70 0.40 2.50 0.45 0.45 5.90 0.56 24.60 0.71 39.50 0.90 63.50 .25 22.20 I found that it would be better to use the constantan wire because of the range of diameters, hence a wide range of cross sectional areas of wire are available. The temperature coefficients of the resistance for a constantan and nichrome wire are shown in the table below: Substance Temperature
Investigation in resistance in wires
Investigating Resistance in Wires Aim In this investigation I will be looking into the theory of resistance and current in wires; this theory is called Ohms Law. By doing the experiments I will be hoping to prove Ohms law correct, and testing to see if it remains constant as the voltage, and wire lengths vary. Related Theory Resistance is measured in ohms (), resistance can be calculated by using the formula V = I × R V = voltage measured in volts (V) I = current measured in amps (A) R = resistance measured in ohms () This is the formula called Ohms Law. Ohms law is the relationship between voltage, current and resistance. For a metal conductor at a constant temperature the current is directly proportional to the voltage. This means that if the current increases the voltage will also increase in the same proportion. For example: If a cell provides a voltage of 1 volt and the circuit has a resistor of 1 ohm connected to it an ammeter would read 1 amp. If the cell was replaced with a 2 Volt cell the ammeter would read 2 Amps. Resistance is caused by electrons bumping into ions. If the length of the wire is doubled, the electrons bump into twice as many ions so there will be twice as much resistance. If the cross-sectional area of the wire doubles there will be twice as many ions and twice as many electrons bumping into them, but also twice as many electrons getting
Investigate young's modulus behind Constantan and Copper.
AS LEVEL PHYSICS COURSEWORK ON DATA ANALYSIS In this physics coursework, I have been asked to investigate young's modulus behind Constantan and Copper. I will produce the stress strain graphs showing the young's modulus for both the metals. I will after when constructing the graphs, I will discuss the physics behind my results and I will compare the young's modulus for both materials. Aim: * To draw the stress-strain graphs for a metal and an alloy. * To work out the figures for young's modulus for both metals. * To discuss the physics behind my results. Plan: For this particular investigation, I have been issued with the results and have been asked to analyse the results finding the young's modulus for two materials, which are: Copper and Constantan. From the results given, I will construct the necessary graphs, analyse, and compare the materials so I can successfully compare the young's modulus of the given materials. I have been provided with the following information: the force applied to the material, three results for the extension, which will help me gain accuracy when averaging this out. I will produce a graph showing the stress-strain from the data, which has been provided. This will present me the young's modulus of the metal (alloy), and subsequently I will create a second graph, which will show Force-extension, and I will average out the
Investigation into Energy Released From Burning Various Alcohols.
Investigation into Energy Released From Burning Various Alcohols Planning In this investigation, I will investigate the energy released from different alcohols when they are burnt. I will be using the following alcohols: Methanol Ethanol Propan-2-ol Butan-1-ol Pentan-1-ol I will be burning the alcohols in spirit burners, with a beaker of water above. I will use the temperature of the water, change in mass of the spirit burner and the specific heat capacity of water to work out the amount of energy released. The reaction that occurs when burning alcohols is exothermic, and so the water in the beaker will absorb this heat energy. The variables that could affect the investigation are listed here: * Types of Alcohol * Isomers of Alcohols * Type of Container (I.e. glass, plastic) * Time left for Alcohol to Burn * Height of Water above flame * Wick length on spirit burner An alcohol has the general formula of: Cn H2n+1 OH So, for example, the formula for Ethanol is C2H5OH, and the formula for Propan-1-ol/Propan-2-ol is C3H7OH. Each alcohol has a different amount of Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) atoms, and this will affect the energy released by each separate one. The different isomers of each alcohol may also affect the results. An isomer is another variation of an alcohol, which has the same chemical formula, but a different molecule structure, and different
Resistance of a wire coursework. In my experiment I shall be using different types of wires with various lengths and widths. Through these I shall be testing the resistance which is caused by electrons.
Coursework: Resistance of a wire Introduction: I plan to do an experiment on the resistance of a wire. In my experiment I shall be using different types of wires with various lengths and widths. Through these I shall be testing the resistance which is caused by electrons. The electrons lose energy as they try to move past atoms. The effects are as follows: . The current is reduced and energy slows them down. 2. The potential difference of the electricity in the wire increases as it loses energy. 3. The wire is heated up by the energy that is lost from the electrons. A correlation between the length and the width of the wire is that the longer and wider the wire is, the more atoms there are. The resistance is larger wires should be higher. You can calculate the resistance by using Ohms law. This is the equation for Ohms Law: Resistance (R) = Voltage (V) / Current (I) This equation can then be rearranged to give voltage or current. Variables: Temperature: Atoms in the wire will vibrate as the temperature increases. The vibrations increase along with the temperature. This makes it more difficult for the electrons to avoid the particles in the wire. This causes the resistance to increase as the electrons spend more energy in collisions or trying to avoid atoms. Length: The longer the wire is, the more atoms there will be for the electrons to pass. This makes
An Investigation To See How Resistance Can Be Changed By Variables.
David Anthony An Investigation To See How Resistance Can Be Changed By Variables. Background Information; In order for the resistance to be changed I need to know the variables. To keep the current constant using an ammeter and variable resistor you will insure that you are not changing a constant. Copper wire will be used to link up the circuit this gives such little resistance that it is normally regarded as having no resistance. I think I will use size 24 wire as it is not to small and will not burn (giving an odd result) and not to big that so the resistance is not to high. Three wires that are available are Copper, Nicrome and Constanton. The highest resistance should give me greater variance at the extremes so it is easier to record. In a pre-test I shall find out which wire has the highest resistance, before I decide which one to use. The only problem with using the highest resistance is that if temperature is increased so will the resistances, so voltage will have to be low enough to not effect results. Variables; Wire Type- there are three types of wires Copper, Nicrome and Constanton. I will be using Constant as it gave the best range with out compromise of heat or length. Wire Length- the longer the wire the greater the resistance. I will be changing the variable wire length between a range. Cross Sectional Area- this is proportional to resistant and length
How does the power dissipated by a light bulb vary with voltage?
How does the power dissipated by a light bulb vary with voltage? Plan Introduction For my experiment, I am going to investigate how the power dissipated by a light bulb varies with voltage. To find this out, I will need to do an experiment to test this out and repeat it another two times. Meaning of terms Current - Current is the flow of electric charge. An ammeter measures current in a circuit. Voltage - Voltage is the potential difference between two points in a circuit is the electrical energy gained or lost by 1 coulomb of charge. A voltmeter measures voltage between two points in a circuit. Resistance - If a component has resistance, it changes some of the electrical energy passing through it into another form of energy. A rheostat can increase or decrease its own resistance so in that way I can control the amount of voltage across the light bulb whilst doing the experiment. Prediction I think that as the voltage across a light bulb increases, the power dissipated by the light bulb also increases but at a greater rate. This is because as the voltage increases, the current also increases. This is because if the current is the amount of electrons flowing through a circuit at any point in a circuit and if the voltage increases then the current must increase as the electrons flowing through that point are flowing faster. Therefore, as the voltage increases, the
Investigation into the Physics of a Light Dependent Resistor.
Investigation into the Physics of a Light Dependent Resistor Introduction and Explanation of how an LDR functions In this essay, my aim is to examine the physics behind a Light dependent resistor by measuring the voltages across it when exposed to bulbs of various wattages. As with all experiments, it is necessary to make an initial prediction. I believe that the voltage across the LDR will increase if a higher wattage of bulb is used. However, we find ourselves asking the question, 'Why should the voltage change across this component just because the light intensity around it varies?' In order to answer this question we have to examine the physics behind an LDR. The LDR: 'Success in Electronics' (Tom Duncan 1983) provides this symbol as the representation of an LDR and tells us that this component, sometimes called a Photoresistor, varies its resistance according to light levels. The resistance of an LDR depends upon the amount of Charge Carriers inside the component. Charge carriers are particles which are capable of carrying charge (!) and are free to move across electron levels. According to Ohm's law, the resistance falls in the LDR as the current throughout the circuit increases. The reason for this increase in current is due to the greater number of charge carriers in the semi-conductor inside the resistor. In this case, the charge carriers are
