Home Insulation ProjectHow heat is lost from the home.Heat is lost mainly from areas in the home which are least protected with insulation from the outside climate

Home Insulation Project How heat is lost from the home. Heat is lost mainly from areas in the home which are least protected with insulation from the outside climate. In most houses the most heat is lost through the roof, this is because heat rises and many people don't live in their roofs/lofts so there is no point for having insulations in the floor, ceiling and walls if no one is going to be in their for very long periods of time. Convection currents form over land that is warmer than the surrounding land. The current of warm air are referred to as thermals. For example, when a portion of the atmosphere becomes heated by contact with a warm area of land, it rises into the cooler, higher altitudes, with the result that some of the moisture carried with it may be condensed to form clouds and precipitation. In houses that have gas fires with a chimney, the hot gases are extracted out to the atmosphere outside the home through the chimney. If this is doesn't happen there would be a high risk that the fire would use up all of the oxygen and then as soon as some oxygen was released or allowed to enter the room the fire would gain energy and immediately release powerful burst of fire through out the entire room/ building. Some fires are made so that they allow air from under the floor and through the walls to enter into the vicinity, if this is not the case with the fire then

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Atomic Clocks.

Atomic Clocks Name: Wong Yun Sheng Calvin (2O/23) As pictured above, a scientist stands over a NB-5 atomic clock. How do atomic clocks work? Atomic clocks measure time by the frequency of radiation emitted by an atom or molecule when it makes a transition between two energy states. An atomic clock measures the frequency of electromagnetic radiation emitted by an atom or molecule. Atomic clocks are extremely precise and are used to keep universal time-the international basis for establishing legal and scientific times and for setting all public and private clocks worldwide. When an atom or molecule moves from one energy level to another, a specific amount, or quantum, of energy is absorbed when jumping to a higher energy level or emitted when falling to a lower energy level. The amount of energy absorbed or emitted depends on the difference between the energy levels. The atom or molecule emits energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation and the wavelength and frequency of the radiation depends on the amount of energy released by each transition between energy levels. Because the atom or molecule can only emit or absorb a specific amount of energy, the radiation emitted or absorbed has a regular frequency. A counter in the atomic clock keeps track of each cycle. Atomic clocks determine the frequency of an atom or molecule's transition in one of two ways. An active

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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The Journey of a carbon atom.

THE JOURNEY OF A CARBON ATOM BY APRIL GRAY THE JOURNEY OF A CARBON ATOM Carbon atoms cycle through the earth and its biosphere. The carbon atom is part of a carbon dioxide molecule (co2) in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide makes up less than 0.05% of the atmospheric gases. Some of the other major gases are nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2), oxygen (02) and water vapor (H20). Carbon atoms are absolute essential to life on earth. A carbon atom was drifting in the atmosphere when it descended down upon a colorful plant. As it glided over the top of the plants flower to the top of one of its leaves, it found it difficult to enter, however, after a drifting to the underside of the leaf (stomata) it was diffused and entered a palaside cell where it was then made into a glucose, starch this process is called photosynthesis. In this process, energy from the sun is being used to change it along with water drown up from the roots, into a simple sugar molecule (C6 H2 O6). Sugars are sometimes joined together to form large starch molecules. Both sugars and starches are known as carbohydrates. Oxygen gas is also formed and released into the atmosphere. One hundred and twenty five years ago, a dinosaur was walking through Wye Valley. The surrounding area was full of carbon atoms from the atmosphere, vegetation and exhaled air. The dinosaur was searching for food. As he walked around the

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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Strontium is an alkaline earth metal in Group two Period five

History Strontianite, the mineral, appears to have been known in 1764 but it wasn't recognised as being a distinct mineral until it was examined and discovered to have contained a new "earth". The chemists William Cruikshank (1745-1800), Adair Crawford (1748-1795), Thomas Hope (1776-1844), Martin Klaproth (1743-1817), Richard Kirwan (1733-1812), and Humphery Davy (1788-1829) are all credited with discovering strontium. All these chemists were working on the mineral independently so it is difficult to say who first discovered it.[2]WP Doyle says that:- Strontianite "the original discovery of the individual nature of strontianite must be ascribed to Crawford and Cruickshank; while Klaproth, Hope and Kirwan contributed equally and independently to the examination of the properties of strontianite and to the preparation of several compounds of strontium and their differentiation from those of barium."[4] Adair Crawford is most commonly quoted [25] [5][7] as first predicting the existence of strontium in 1790. Crawford recognized the mineral strontianite (strontium carbonate), part of a sample of witherite (barium carbonate), and determined a new element was part of its composition. Humphery Davy is thought to be the first to have isolated strontium by the electrolysis of strontium chloride and mercuric oxide in 1807-1808.[2] Davy had by then also isolated sodium,

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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nuclear power stations

Nuclear power stations-Are they safe? By Sophie Zhao 11N Introduction In this report, I will attempt to find out if nuclear power stations are safe. Assuming people who read this report has no background knowledge on this topic, I will explain some basic facts about it. Then, I am going to write the arguments for and against nuclear energy, and the evidence behind it. The arguments will only backed up by safety issues. Before I start, I would like to remind the readers that the word safe is a relative term. No method of extracting energy is 100% safe. The only way to find out if Nuclear power stations are safe is to compare it with other types of power stations. Background To fully understand the risks involved, it is vital to know how a nuclear power station works. Basically, they work by using nuclear fission to release energy to create electricity. When this nuclear chain reaction is controlled, the energy released can be used to heat water, produce steam that drives a turbine, generating electricity.[9] How a nuclear power station work. However, we must also take into account, the entire lifecycle of a nuclear power station and the fuels used [12] [4] Yes, nuclear power is safe Some argue that the only way we could satisfy our energy needs without damaging the environment is to use nuclear power. Fossil fuel power stations generate large amounts of CO2, which

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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research and report

RNR-Infrared investigation Introduction Nowadays infrared has many useful applications for example, in the astronomy, discover more information about the universe. Medical infrared imaging is a very useful to check the human body. Infrared cameras are used for police and security work as well as in fire fighting and in the military. Infrared imaging is also used to detect heat loss in buildings and in testing electronic systems. Infrared satellites have been used to detect the Earth's weather, and to study geology and ocean temperatures. What is infrared? Fig 1 These glass prism were used by William Herschel in the investigation Infrared was discover by William Herschel in the 1800. He used a glass prism to refract sun light and measure the temperature of different colour in the visible light spectrum, then he find that red colour has the higest temperature and violet colour has the lowest temperature. After he found the pattern of temperature He did another experiment to measure the temperature of the infrared region he found it had a very high temperature. Infrared rays is a type of electromagnetic wave it is also a radiation, we can not see it with our eyes but we can feel it through our skin which is heat. infrared radiation is generate when charged particles in the objects are heat up and start moving around, then infrared is emit from the objects surface. There is a

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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The Radon Problem

Radon (222Rn) is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas found in-group 0 of the Periodic table. Radon's half-life is 3.82 days, into 218Po, which in turn decays to 214Pb, 214BI and 214Po. These radionuclides are collectively called Radon daughters or radon progeny and, because they are solids once formed they become attached to aerosol particles in the air and can be breathed in to the lungs, where they settle. The isotopes of 222Rn all emit ?-particles as they decay. Like other ionising radiation, ?-particles can damage biological molecules, increasing the likelihood of cancers, genetic defects and accelerated ageing, even at low doses. It is the Radon daughters that deliver the highest radiation dose, but Rn gas concentrations (often referred to as 'levels') are the ones normally measured in a room. Average indoor readings are about 20Bqm-3 (1Bq = 1 decay per second), while the action level for homes (the concentration level above which the National Radiological Protection Board, NRPB, recommends to keep radon out of houses) is 200Bqm-3. In 1992 Chemistry in Britain published an article on the health implications of elevated levels of radon in domestic dwellings. At the time Rn had just become an emotive public issue in certain regions of England that had been shown to have relatively high levels of the gas. Also in 1992 the US Environmental Protection Agency

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Research for P4 Data Task

Physics Research - P4 Source Number Source Link Question Number http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/information/biography/klmno/libby_willard.html 2 http://www.ausetute.com.au/carbon14.html 2 3 http://einstein.byu.edu/~masong/HTMstuff/C24A1.html 3 4 http://www.religioustolerance.org/c14dat2.htm Source 1 Willard Frank Libby developed the carbon-14 dating method that was used in dating the Turin Shroud. 908 - 1980. Willard Libby was an American Chemist, best known for his development carbon 14 techniques. Libby was born Dec. 17, 1908 in Grand Valley, Colorado. He obtained his Ph.D. from the University of California-Berkeley in 1933, where he stayed on as an Instructor until 1941. At this time, he moved to Columbia, New York and joined Columbia University's Division of War Research to work on the development of the atomic bomb. After the war, he served as a Professor of Chemistry at the University of Chicago. He also conducted research there at the Institute of Nuclear Studies until 1959. Libby then found himself back at the University of California as Director of the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics. He served in that capacity until his death. Source 2 Wood, charcoal, marine and fresh water shells, bone & antler. Anything organic or once living. Grains, seeds, nutshells, grasses, twigs, cloth, paper, hide, burnt bones, organic material mixed with

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  • Level: GCSE
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A study of the operation of two stroke, four stroke and diesel engines

Experiment M4 Aim A study of the operation of two stroke, four stroke and diesel engines Introduction Cooling system The function of the cooling system is to keep the engine from over heating by transferring this heat to the air. It also allow the engine to heat up as quickly as possible and then to keep the engine at a constant temperature. Cooling system in most cars consists of the radiator and water pump. Water circulates through passages around the cylinders and then travels through the radiator to cool it off. In some other cars, especially old cars the engine is air-cooled instead. Air-cooling makes the engine lighter but hotter, generally decreasing engine life and overall performance Pistons A piston is a cylindrical piece of metal that moves up and down inside the cylinder Connecting rod The connecting rod connects the piston to the crankshaft. It can rotate at both ends so that its angle can change as the piston moves and the crankshaft rotates. Crankshaft The crankshaft turns the piston's up and down motion into circular motion just like a crank on a jack-in-the-box does. Camshaft and the valve system The intake and exhaust valves open at the proper time to let in air and fuel and to let out exhaust. Both valves are closed during compression and combustion so that the combustion chamber is sealed. Diagram The engine operation Diesel engine is

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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First nuclear bomb

The First Nuclear Bomb Scientists Who Invented the Atomic Bomb under the Manhattan Project: Robert Oppenheimer, David Bohm, Leo Szilard, Eugene Wigner, Otto Frisch, Rudolf Peierls, Felix Bloch, Niels Bohr, Emilio Segre, James Franck, Enrico Fermi, Klaus Fuchs and Edward Teller. On August 2, 1939, just before the beginning of World War II, Albert Einstein wrote to then President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Einstein and several other scientists told Roosevelt of efforts in Nazi Germany to purify uranium-235, which could be used to build an atomic bomb. It was shortly thereafter that the United States Government began the serious undertaking known then only as "The Manhattan Project." Simply put, the Manhattan Project was committed to expediting research that would produce a viable atomic bomb. The most complicated issue to be addressed in making of an atomic bomb was the production of ample amounts of "enriched" uranium to sustain a chain reaction. At the time, uranium-235 was very hard to extract. In fact, the ratio of conversion from uranium ore to uranium metal is 500:1. Compounding this, the one part of uranium that is finally refined from the ore is over 99% uranium-238, which is practically useless for an atomic bomb. To make the task even more difficult, the useful U-235 and nearly useless U-238 are isotopes, nearly identical in their chemical makeup. No ordinary chemical

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  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: Science
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