Where Do The Chemical Elements Come From?
Where Do The Chemical Elements Come From? Hydrogen is the most common element in the universe. The theory of evolution of the stars shows how heavy elements can be formed from lighter ones and it helps to explain the way elements are distributed throughout the universe The theory was developed through observation of a range of starts at different stages of their development. Although hydrogen is the most common element in the universe, its atoms are few and far between, so there is little chance that two hydrogen atoms will come together to form a hydrogen molecule. There are some regions between stars where molecules do form, these are called dense gas clouds but they aren't very dense by earth standards The clouds are made up of a mixture of atoms and molecules, mainly hydrogen with a 'dust' of solid material from the break up of stars. The temperature of the clouds varies from 10K to 100K. the particles have low kinetic energy so the gravitational force between the particles is enough to keep them together in a cloud. Parts of the cloud gradually contract and the gases become compressed, 'clumps' of denser gas are formed. The densest part being at its centre, here the gases become very hot, hot enough to trigger nuclear reactions. At these temperatures atoms cannot retain their electrons and matter becomes a plasma of ionised atoms and unbound electrons. A nuclear
Solar System
SOLAR SYSTEM The solar system is the collection of planets, satellites, asteroids, comets, and cosmic dust particles that are mostly in elliptical, coplanar orbits around the Sun. The total mass of the solar system is around 450 times the mass of the Earth and about 1/750 of the mass of the Sun. About three-quarters of that mass is concentrated in the gaseous giant planet Jupiter. Cosmogony, the study of the origin of planets, indicates that the cloud of gas and dust that condensed to form the solar system must have had a mass a few hundred times greater than that of the present system. The planets formed about 4.6 billion years ago and in the early days suffered a great deal from bombardment by asteroids. The rate of these collisions has decreased by about 2,000 times since then. The surface temperature of the planets decreases roughly as the inverse square root of their distance from the Sun. The inner planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars have a rock and metal composition, low relative mass, and few satellites. The Moon is unusual in as much as it has a mass of 1/81 of that of Earth. Only Charon, Pluto's satellite, compared to Pluto's mass, has a larger ratio. Phobos and Deimos, the two small satellites of Mars, are thought to be captured asteroids. The outer planets, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, have rock-metal cores of ten to twenty or so times the mass of
What is the
What is the "greenhouse effect?" It is the behavior of solar radiation when it interacts with gasses in the Earth's atmosphere. The Sun gives off a wide spectrum of energy which we classify according to its wavelength. Among the types of energy given off by the sun are ultraviolet (UV), visible and infrared (IR) wavelengths. UV is short wavelength high-energy radiation, visible is mid-wavelength, mid-energy radiation, and IR is long wavelength low-energy radiation. The atmosphere is mostly transparent to UV and visible light, but some components of the atmosphere absorb IR energy on its way in toward the Earth's surface, warming the atmopsphere slightly. When the sun's energy reaches the surface of the Earth it is absorbed. This warms the surface, and causes the Earth to emit energy of its own. Unlike the Sun, however, the Earth does not emit UV or visible light, it ONLY emits IR energy. As this IR radiation travels back toward space it is also absorbed by gasses in the atmosphere, particularly CO2, methane and water vapor. In this way the Earth's atmosphere acts like the glass in a greenhouse. The greenhouse lets in the UV and visible light, but once the interior warms up and IR energy is re-emitted, the glass absorbs the radiation and does not allow it to escape back to space. This warms the greenhouse. The fact that all incoming wavelengths are absorbed by the Earth and
Conduct a research study looking at the detailed history of the stars.
'TWINKLE, TWINKLE LITTLE STAR HOW I WONDER WHAT YOU ARE' THE HISTORY OF THE STARS IN THE SKY TWINKLE, TWINKLE LITTLE STAR, HOW I WONDER WHAT YOU ARE. UP ABOVE THE WORLD SO HIGH, LIKE A DIAMOND IN THE SKY. TWINKLE, TWINKLE LITTLE STAR, HOW I WONDER WHAT YOU ARE. Aim: Conduct a research study looking at the detailed history of the stars. Background Knowledge: As we stare up into the sky, we see tranquil, bright lights twinkling gently at us. However, stars are actually exciting, dynamic objects in the Universe. Stars are great balls of burning gas - larger and hotter than one can ever imagine. During previous years of primary and secondary school, I have learnt a little about stars. For example, I know that the Sun is the Earth's parent star. In the core of the Sun, nuclear reactions that involve hydrogen and helium take place. This creates huge amounts of energy, which is radiated as light and heat energy. The Sun sources almost all the light and heat energy on Earth - without it, the Earth would be a cold and desert place. I also know that stars give out light at all times. However, the intensity of the Sun's light blocks out other stars during the day. This is not necessarily because the Sun is the most luminous star, but because it is closest to us. For example, a star called 'Sirius' is 26 times brighter than the Sun, but as it is so far away, it seems less
Describe and explain the long-term effects of large-scale deforestation on the earth's atmosphere.
Summer Holiday Prep A2 / Human Biology Task 1 Describe and explain the long-term effects of large-scale deforestation on the earth's atmosphere. In this essay I am going to explain and describe the long-term effects of deforestation on the earths atmosphere. I must include these key points. ? Sustainable resources ? Greenhouse gases ? The Greenhouse effect ? Erosion of soil ? Leaching of soil ? Desertification ? And diversity of species. The clearing of tropical forests has been occurring worldwide on a large-scale basis for many centuries. This process, known as deforestation, involves the cutting down, burning, and damaging of forests. The loss of tropical rain forest is more profound than merely destruction of beautiful areas. If the current rate of deforestation continues, the world's rain forests will vanish within 100 years-causing unknown effects on global climate and eliminating the majority of plant and animal species on the planet. Why Deforestation Happens There are many ways and reasons for deforestation. Most of the clearing is done for agricultural purposes-grazing cattle, planting crops. area (typically a few acres) and burn the tree trunks-a process called Slash and Burn agriculture. This process is called subsistence farming. It is continually occurring, as the tropical rain forest soil is actually low in nutrience; this is because the trees and
THE GIFT All attempts of human survival had failed. Humanity was nothing but a dying race
THE GIFT All attempts of human survival had failed. Humanity was nothing but a dying race. The whole complex process of evolution, which had created the spark of intelligence in the shape of Homo sapiens, appeared to be in vain. Had they evolved just for the mere purpose of extinction? Were they nothing but a tiny spark of life doomed to be extinguished? As it seems, cosmos had its own hidden agenda. The last hope of humanity was in the cruel hands of nature. It was hoping against hope, a probability so small that it was mathematically inconceivable; a tiny space probe-- an insignificant chunk of metal. As it seems, cosmos had an odd sense of humor. ---------------------------------- The probe moved on and on through space, with a velocity of thousands of meter per second, yet comparable to a snail. It continued its journey through infinite darkness, for millions of years, yet covering only a fraction of a second of cosmic evolution. How much distance it covered? How many traps it dodged? How many hungry stars it avoided? No one knows, no one can tell. But one day it reached where it was supposed to be, an unknown destination. ---------------------------------- "Sir, we have spotted an unknown probe reaching our planet." "Is it manned?" "Probably no, Sir." "Where has it come from?" "Unknown, Sir." "Send a shuttle to bring it safely back here." "Yes, Sir."
Victorian Press and the Working Classes
Paul Savva-Andreou Level 2 Research and discovery Semester 2 Victorian Press and the Working Classes Hypothesis: The mainstream newspapers did not represent the working classes, as they were not considered part of the readership. The only representation came from radical newspapers such as the 'Northern Star'. Introduction: The key concepts involved in discovering how the Victorian press represented the working classes it is important to choose an era of unrest amongst the working classes. Taking in to account that the Northern Star is the most well known of the radical working class newspapers, it is easy to map this to the Chartist period in Britain. Taking this as a guideline the period should be between 1838 to 1852, following the rise and fall of Chartism. To contrast the views of the Northern Star it is advisable to find another newspaper. The best would be the Leeds Mercury. Being a northern paper it will give good contrasting views to that of the Northern Star. Research Methodology: Taking in to account of the amount of issues available for both sets of newspapers it is paramount to filter them in some way. To do this I will take an issue every ten years or so from each and contrast the stories in each. In doing this it will enable me to look at certain issues involved in both of the newspapers. How they deal with parliamentary debates, passing of
Global Warming Our planet's atmosphere traps energy just like a greenhouse. Energy from the Sun can enter the Earth's
Global Warming Our planet's atmosphere traps energy just like a greenhouse. Energy from the Sun can enter the Earth's atmosphere, but not all of it can easily find its way out again. What blocks the Sun's energy from escaping from the Earth? Unlike a greenhouse, the Earth does not have a layer of glass over it! Instead, molecules in our atmosphere called greenhouse gasses absorb the heat. Greenhouse gasses include water vapor, methane, ozone, nitrous oxide, and carbon dioxide. There may not be much of some of these gasses in our atmosphere, but they can have a big impact. Each greenhouse gas molecule is made of three or more atoms that are bonded loosely together. These molecules are able to absorb heat, which makes them vibrate. They eventually release the heat energy and it is often absorbed by another greenhouse gas molecule. The greenhouse effect is useful because trapping some energy keeps the temperatures on our planet mild and suitable for living things. Without its atmosphere and the greenhouse effect, the average temperature at the surface of the Earth would be zero degrees Fahrenheit. However, too many greenhouse gases can cause the temperature to increase out of control. Such is the case on Venus where greenhouse gases are abundant and the average temperature at the surface is more than 855 degrees Fahrenheit (457 degrees Celsius). We have increased the
Megz - The Strange Planet.
MEGZ - THE STRANGE PLANET The planet I am going to write about is an eccentric one, it has six sides, and to be more precise it is a cube. The cube shaped planet has a top, a bottom, a back, a front and two sides - left and right. The top is where the people are very good in many ways; this is due to the strictness of the law. The people or alians as they are called, always are well behaved wherever they go. They are in tiptop condition whenever we see them and are very impressive in many ways for example on the roads it is litter free. However on the bottom of this strange planet the people always are chillin' and are very bad mannered this is because the alianas as they are called, drink and usually too much. On this part of the planet, the people usually commit crime and suicide so it is not unusual if you see a dead aliana in the slime, which lies beneath your feet. The front of the planet is a child's world, which is full of the things that the children love playing with, but these things are not like the ones earth children like playing with but are different, for e.g. there is a triangle pit full of yellow slime which stinks of boiled eggs!! The back of the planet is a teenager's world; this is where they choose whether they want to be an alian or an aliana. The right and the left of the plane does not belong to either the top, bottom, front or back of the planet, But
How to measure density of irregular solids
Measuring the density of irregular solids Research Density is a measurement of how compact a solid is. To measure density there is a standard formula, which is density=mass/volume. The S.I. units for mass are grams and volume is cubic centimeters hence density be g/cm3. To obtain the volume of a solid it can be measured from displacement or measurements of the dimensions. In this case it will be the displacement. Apparatus * Beaker * Eureka can * Distilled water * Object of measurement * Scale Method . Weigh and record mass of solid 2. Weigh the mass of the beaker on the scale (if the scale is fluctuating wait until it stops) and record it 3. Place the beaker underneath of the spout of the Eureka can 4. Fill the Eureka can with distilled water until it has reached the top of the spout level and any excess water has gone into the beaker 5. Clean the beaker dry after spilling the excess water 6. Slowly dip the object into the water until it has fully immersed (avoid any movement of the object as it will cause fluctuation of the water). Do not dip excess string in the water 7. Collect the displaced water in the beaker until the last drop has come out 8. Weigh the beaker (and water) and wait until there is one reading and record it Results Mass of Beaker Mass of Beaker & Water Mass of object Metal weight 45.78 61.51 00.1 Corkscrew 45.88 57.14 8.66
