Scurta istorie a lumii
Scurta istorie a timpului Stephen Hawking 1. Imaginea noastra despre univers Un savant bine cunoscut (unii spun ca a fost Bertrand Russell) a tinut odata o conferinta publica de astronomie. El a aratat cum pamântul se învârteste în jurul soarelui si cum soarele, la rândul sau, se învârteste în jurul centrului unei colectii vaste de stele numita galaxia noastra. La sfârsitul conferintei sale, o batrânica din fundul salii s-a ridicat si a spus: "Ceea ce ne-ati spus sunt prostii. În realitate, lumea este un disc asezat pe spatele unei broaste testoase gigantice." Savantul a avut un zâmbet de superioritate înainte de a replica: "Si pe ce sta broasca testoasa?" "Esti foarte destept, tinere, foarte destept," a spus batrâna doamna. "Dar sunt broaste testoase pâna jos." Majoritatea oamenilor ar gasi ridicola imaginea universului nostru ca un turn infinit de broaste testoase, dar de ce credem ca noi stim mai bine? Ce stim despre univers, si cum o stim? De unde vine universul si încotro merge? Are universul un început si daca da, ce s-a întâmplat înainte de acesta? Care este natura timpului? Va ajunge el la un sfârsit? Progrese recente ale fizicii, posibile în parte datorita unor tehnologii fantastice, sugereaza raspunsuri la unele dintre aceste întrebari vechi. Poate ca într-o zi aceste raspunsuri vor parea tot atât de evidente ca si miscarea pamântului
Modernising planning processes - A Consultation Paper
MODERNISING PLANNING PROCESSES A Consultation Paper Planning Service Clarence Court Adelaide Street BELFAST February 2002 Foreword Planning is fundamental to delivering what people in Northern Ireland want- jobs, homes, better transport, lively communities, and sensitive care of the environment we live in. Improving planning means that the goals set out in the Programme for Government are easier to achieve. Good planning will promote appropriate development, not stifle it. It will also bolster productivity and competitiveness. At the same time it will contribute to sustaining and protecting the environment. The planning system has not changed fundamentally in nearly thirty years. It is showing its age and is under pressure. That is why, since devolution in December 1999, I have worked to strengthen both the Planning Service and the planning system. Additional staff are being recruited and trained, and management structures strengthened. An ambitious programme to put in place an up-to-date and complete suite of Planning Policy Statements and Development Plans is now in place, as set out in the Programme for Government. New legislation is being prepared that, amongst other things, will strengthen the Planning Service's enforcement powers. We have also opened up the planning process to public scrutiny, well ahead of the implementation of the Freedom of
Real estate Market Analsis
Department of Real Estate RE 3801 - Real Estate Market Analysis SEMESTER 1, AY 2010/2011 Group Report Topic: Real Estate Market Analysis of the Condominium Market in Singapore For Assoc Professor Harold Tan Done By: Alvin Quek Tze Loon U086899A Koh Choon Tong, Donn U086930W Koh Ee Kheng U086940R Wang Khai Yau, Ryan U086928R Zhang Jiao U086929A Executive Summary Overview of Singapore Market Outlook and her Positioning The Singapore economy has bottomed up and gradually recover since 2Q 09. The low unemployment rate, GDP, attractiveness factors continue to be a magnet in attracting MNCs to set up their headquarters here. The expatriates and foreigners which follow will drive up both the rental and sales demand. Given the excellent investment climate in Singapore - strong financial fundamentals and political stability, this upward demand trend is likely to continue for at least the next 5 years. Above all, Singapore is top in corporate governance among all other Asian countries, displaying the determination of the government to do whatever it takes to make sure it remains competitive in the region. Government Regulations and our Views on the Recent Cooling Measures It is in our view that the recent rounds of cooling measures are targeted at speculators who are manipulating the economy recovery as an opportunity to flip properties, resulting in price
Research into Function and Design of Theatres.
CHAPTER 4 Project Profile Analysis 4.1 Historical Background 4.1.1 History of theatre and performing arts in the world The history of performing arts goes back thousands of years. Highlights of the important events are that, first, Greeks embraced the concept of drama and wrote plays to be performed. Standing out among the best are the plays written by Sophocles. It is also believed that there were performing artists in parts of China at around the same time. Elements of music have been found across all civilizations throughout history. Many of the performing arts stopped in the years after the fall of the Roman Empire. The Christians, who had stopped all public performances, started allowing them again sometime after 900 to celebrate Easter. The new performing art type of ballet was introduced in Italy around the 1500s. A century later, Shakespeare's plays were being performed. Romeo and Juliet became the first Shakespeare play to be performed in America. Later in 20th century brought modern technology to the performing arts with innovations in film and television. Theater probably arose as a performance of ritual activities that did not require initiation on the part of the spectator. Introduced by the Romans, the first building used for theatrical performances were Amphitheatres who copied theatres from ancient Greece. These were semi-circular structures, constructed
Disseratation on Energy Performance Certificates (EPC's)
Abstract This dissertation considers the government's recent implementation of the Energy Performance Certificates (EPC's) and its impact on the rental property market. A critical review of literature is included in chapter 2 of the dissertation. The review is structured into 11 different sections including; 1) Introduction, 2) Climate change, 3) Conventions and Protocols, 4) European Climate Change Programme, 5) Stern review, 6) Home Information Packs (HIP's), 7) Energy Performance Certificates (EPC's), 8) Political opinions, 9) Property professional opinions, 10) Display Energy Certificates (DEC's), 11) Criticisms of DEC's. The literature review highlights the key issues leading up to the implementation of the EPC as well as evaluating benefits and limitations. Primary research was carried out with the aid of questionnaires as well as interviews. The questionnaires were used to obtain tenants views on EPC's. The interviews were semi-structured and conducted with professional members of the rental property market. The results of the questionnaire demonstrated a general lack of awareness of EPC's. The data collected from the interviews underlined key issues and concerns that had arisen with the introduction of EPC's. .1 Background Information The fundamental purpose for the introduction of Energy Performance Certificates (EPC's) across the UK is to reduce greenhouse gas
Structure: Form Vs Function
STRUCTURE: FORM VS FUNCTION By Danielle Cove Senior Thesis 5/10/02 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 2 INTRODUCTION 4 3 STRUCTURES 5 3.1 FUNCTION AND STRUCTURE 5 3.2 ARCHITECTS AND ENGINEERS 5 4 BUILDING CODES 5 5 LOADS 5 5.1 STATIC LOADS 5 5.1.1 Dead Loads 5 5.1.2 Live Loads 5 5.2 DYNAMIC LOADS 6 5.2.1 Impact Loads 6 5.2.2 Earthquake Loads 6 5.2.2.1 Richter Scale 6 5.2.3 Thermal and Settlement Loads 6 5.2.4 Resonance 7 5.3 WIND LOADS 7 5.3.1 Wind Drift 8 6 MATERIALS 8 6.1 STEEL 8 6.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE 8 6.3 PLASTICS 8 6.4 FORCES ON MATERIALS 9 6.4.1 Tension and Compression 9 6.4.1.1 Yield Stress 9 6.4.1.2 The Law of Least Work 9 6.4.2 Elasticity and Plasticity 9 6.4.2.1 Elasticity 9 6.4.2.2 Linearly Elastic 10 6.4.2.3 Plasticity 10 6.4.2.3.1 Brittle 10 6.4.2.3.2 Temperature 10 6.4.3 Safety 10 6.4.3.1 Safety Factors 10 7 BEAMS AND COLUMNS 11 7.1 NEWTON'S LAWS 11 7.1.1 Equilibrium 11 7.2 TRANSLATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM 11 7.3 ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM 11 7.4 BEAM ACTION 11 7.4.1 Moment if Inertia 12 7.5 SHEAR 12 7.6 BUCKLING 13 8 TRUSSES 13 9 DOMES AND DISHES 13 9.1 STRUCTURE OF DOME 13 9.2 MODERN DOMES 13 9.3 HANGING DISH 13 0 FORM-RESISTANT STRUCTURES 14 0.1 GRIDS AND FLAT SLABS 14 0.2 STRENGTH THROUGH FORM 14 0.3 CURVED SURFACES 14 0.4 BARREL ROOFS AND FOLDED PLATES 15 0.5 SADDLE ROOFS 15 0.6 COMPLEX ROOFS 15 1 SKYSCRAPERS 15 1.1
Investigation into Proposals for the Superstructure of a Building
Investigation Report for the Requirements and Options Available for the Superstructure of a Proposed Building. Performing Arts Centre at Gipsy Lane, Bishops Hull, Taunton. Contents; * Summary of Requirement of Report * Analysis of Site * Building Proposal * Building Elements; - Functional Requirements - Performance Specifications - Potential Solutions - Comparison of Options - Selection of Preferred Option Summary of Requirement of Report; The aim of this report is to analyse the superstructure requirements at the proposed Performing Arts Centre in Bishops Hull, Taunton. For each building element the report will consider the functional requirements and performance specifications. From this analysis, potential building solutions will be determined and compared. Subsequently a particular technology will be proposed for the construction of each element. Analysis of Site; The site itself is situated in a residential development in Gipsy Lane, Bishops Hull in Taunton and is the site of an old Victorian School shown in red on the site location plan below; Building Proposal; The proposed structure for the PAC is a 2 storey height auditorium with store and access area, the cantilevered atrium at the entrance, a single storey office building and performer facilities with single storey corridor connecting to the old school building and original structure itself. The
How could materials, renewable technologies and adapted processes be used in future sustainable housing?
Gabriella Azanu S7 ________________ Table of Contents Introduction The Project Within the Wider Context of Climate Change BedZED Context and history Description of features Processes Technology Materials Greenwich Millennium Village Context and History Description of Features Processes Technology Materials Evaluation Comparison of BedZED and GMV My Proposal for a Sustainable House Processes Technology Materials Bibliography Introduction The Project Sustainable development has become a concern for governments all over the world, with places such as the United Kingdom, putting legislation in place to try and lessen the impact certain sectors of industry have on the environment. One of the areas where governments have felt changes could be made, has been the housing industry. Of the changes, most importantly has been the issue of improving the sustainability of existing and new housing stock, the latter being the focus of this report. To improve new sustainable housing, we need to look back at past sustainable housing projects to not only see what they have achieved, but also where they could have done better or where they have run into issues and problems. Therefore, in this
Where is Majorca??
Where is Majorca?? What is the Scenery like in Majorca?? Altaya de Alcudia Cala san Vicente Cami de Son Castello San Pere Coastal What is the climate in Majorca?? Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month 4 5 7 9 22 26 29 29 27 23 8 5 Max temp 6 6 8 0 3 7 9 20 8 4 0 8 Min temp 5° 42 _ 7° 40 _ 0° 44 _ 3° 46 _ 6° 40 _ 21° 28 _ 24° 0 _ 24° 2 _ 20° 32 _ 5° 51 _ 9° 50 _ 6° 46 _ Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Temperatures °C (degrees Celsius) in Majorca Rainfall (mm) in Majorca (Average values for each month) What does Majorca have to offer Tourists?? Alcudia With its giant water slides, swimming and boating pools, and three mini-golf courses in landscaped surroundings, the Alcudia Hidropark on the Ava. Tucan makes a great day out for all the family. A good excursion out of the resort by either car or bicycle is to follow the coast road north of Alcudia along the Cap de Pinar. There's magnificent views looking back towards Alcudia Bay, and also over towards Pollensa, so don't forget to take your camera. The road ends in a military zone, but you can get as far as the Ermita de la Victoria which is a 17th Century hermitage without too much difficulty. Fiesta on Majorca is taken very seriously, although Alcudia does seem to have more that its
Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran and is also the most populous city in the Middle East
Tehran is the capital and largest city of Iran and is also the most populous city in the Middle East. Tehran is one of the world's most fascinating cities located on the slopes of the Alborz Mountains Chain at an elevation of about 1210 m. The Damaavand Peak (5671 m high) can be seen from every point of the city. A unique civilization and Islamic heritage that has flourished for over 25 centuries offers to visitors a distinct charm of oriental traditions. Tehran is also the capital of Iran with residents numbering well over 10 million, occupying about a sixth of the total population of Iran. All the main stream of politico-economical and cultural activities runs into and out of Tehran, which makes it a very colourful city encompassing a variety of elements. Tehran is a metropolis where roads and cultures come together. Palaces in the north and centre of downtown Tehran provide an opportunity to relive great moments in the city's history and to expose the visitor to a rich architectural heritage. Downtown Tehran is rich in exclusive shops, bazaar, galleries and museums. The bustling northern part of the city is alongside the fantastic natural setting of magnificent mountains and the spectacular Damaavand Peak. Tehran, located in the northern part of the country. Tehran is Iran's administrative, economic, and cultural centre as well as the major industrial and