Hypothesis-based Science. An example of hypothesis-based science given in the textbook is that of the Eastern Coral and Scarlet King snakes
Hypothesis-based Science A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or answer to a problem or question. One stipulation for a good hypothesis is that it must be testable. Science demands for actual data and facts to be used when testing a hypothesis. If no hard data or facts can be provided, the hypothesis exists outside of science and it is in the realm of faith, the paranormal or other things that can be neither proven nor disproven. Furthermore, if a hypothesis is to be tested, a hypothesis is only good until it is proven false; it must stand strong against all properly conducted tests, experiments or endeavors. Hypothesis-based science is science that is conducted by first making some observations. Next, the scientists make a hypothesis as an answer to a question or problem posed by the observations. From this hypothesis, a deduction or prediction is made on something else. This hypothesis can now be tested. This deduction must be proven as true if the hypothesis to also be portrayed as truth. An example of hypothesis-based science given in the textbook is that of the Eastern Coral and Scarlet King snakes. Two biologists and their student designed an experiment that was created to test the hypothesis that mimicry helps organisms avoid predation. The Easter Coral snake is poisonous and it exhibits a colorful pattern that helps it avoid predation in certain parts
Insulin activity on components of its signalling pathway and the effect of Ca2+ on these components
Biol301 - Insulin activity on components of its signalling pathway and the effect of Ca2+ on these components Abstract Insulin is a substrate which is involved in a signalling pathway concerned with blood glucose levels along with IR, IRS1 and PI-3 kinase. The activity of PI-3 kinase is affected by the influx of Ca2+ as was demonstrated by the addition of Ca2+ channel inhibitors to hepatocytes where PI-3 kinase activity dropped. As no effect to the phosphorylation of IR and IRS1 (insulin receptors and substrates) it was determined that the influx Ca2+ has a specific role in the pathway, ie only where PI-3 kinase is involved, in the latter stages of the pathway. Introduction The aim of this paper is to look at the effect of insulin, insulin receptors (IR), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) and phosphatidyinositol-3 kinase (PI-3 kinase) on rat hepatocytes. Insulin is a peptide hormone which is secreted by ß-cells which are found in the islets of langerhans and is secreted as a response to rising blood glucose levels. It is part of a complex signalling pathway which involves a large number of molecule-molecule complexes and is the stimulus of many different functions such as glycogenesis, glucose transport and the transcription of genes. IR, IRS1 and PI-3 kinase are also key components in the signalling pathway. IR is a diametric tyrosine kinase which is composed of α
Optimization of DNA Extraction from Medically and Environmentally important Fungi for Polymerase Chain Reaction
Qualification BTEC Higher National Diploma in Biomedical Science Level 5 Module Name Project Module Number Module 6 Title of practical Optimization of DNA extraction from medically and environmentally important fungi for polymerase chain reaction Name of Candidate Thevaraja Nirojith Optimization of DNA Extraction from Medically and Environmentally important Fungi for Polymerase Chain Reaction Investigator:Mr.ThevarajaNirojith Principle supervisors - Prof. R .S. Dassanayake Dr. O. V. D. J. Weerasena Co-supervisor – Mr. Mohan Geekiyanage Durdans Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory Durdans Hospital, 3, Alfred Place, Colombo 03. Declaration: I ………………………………………………. confirm that I have read and understood the Institute regulations concerning plagiarism and that the work contained within this project report is my own work within the meaning of the regulations. Signature: Date: Acknowledgment My sincere thanks to Prof. R. S. Dassanayake, Dr. O. V. D. J. Weerasena, (ceygenbiotecdurdans hospital) for granting me a place to do my research. My thanks to Mr. MohanGeekiyanage, Miss. Pushpamali Silva they helped in each and every practical. Finally my thanks to Dr.Sajani( lecture of BMS), Mr. NisamRasak ( Director of BMS), for helping me in finding a research project. Abstract Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls
Tumour markers and their role in Cancer diagnostics
Page | ________________ ________________ Tumour markers and their role in Cancer diagnostics Amra Iuoop BIO 01/181010 HND Biomedical sciences BMS 30 June 2012 Cancer, or a neoplasm, is best defined by the British oncologist Willis (Robbins, 2010), “A neoplasm is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissues and persists in the same manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change”. Tumour markers, also called serum markers or biomarkers, are metabolized molecular products that are secreted by neoplastic tissue and biochemically processed in cells or body fluids (Cortez, 2011). They are secreted by normal cells as well as by cancer cells; nevertheless the quantity is usually quite high in cancerous conditions. Consequently, the presence of a malignant tumour can be identified more or less by the detection of a specific tumour marker. Tumour markers are reckoned to be useful in the following (Sharma, 2009): Screening: Identification of seemingly healthy people who perhaps have a high risk of developing cancer. Diagnosis: Identification of a disease on the knowledge extent of clinical findings and laboratory tests. Staging and treatment planning. Planning of the treatment course after identification of the cancer’s stage. Monitoring: Determination of the cancer’s response to
Food Science -Experiments to Determine the Properties and Uses of Enzymes in Food Preperation.
I. Introduction Enzymes are protein molecules with a special function. Produced by living cells, they act as catalysts to change the rate of a chemical reaction without actually being used up in the reaction itself. Enzymes catalyze a wide range of reactions in living matter, from the digestion of foods in the digestive tract of animals to most of the complex processes occurring in plant and animal metabolism. Enzymes in plant and animal tissues do not stop functioning when the animal is slaughtered or the plant tissue is harvested. Thus we must deal with enzymatic activity when we handle foods from these sources (Bennion & Scheule, Introductory Foods, 2010). In connection to this, the experiment was conducted with the following objectives: . To demonstrate the influence of temperature on activity of enzymes 2. To know the characteristics of catalases, polyphenoloxidase, peroxidases, and invertase 3. To enumerate the functions of catalases, polyphenoloxidase, peroxidases, and invertase 4. To explain the principle of catalase test, polyphenoloxidase test, peroxidase test, and invertase test 5. To assess the behavior of pectin methyl esterase during processing 6. To explain the implications of PME activity in thermal processing of tomato juice 7. To illustrate the action of proteases on myofibrillar proteins, egg albumin, and gelatin II. Review of Related Literature
This experiment was carried out to separate and characterize the protein mixture which contained haemoglobin and serum albumin using two different methods, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page) and ion exchange chromatography (IEC)
Title: Isolation and characterization of proteins Aims: This experiment was carried out to separate and characterize the protein mixture which contained haemoglobin and serum albumin using two different methods, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page) and ion exchange chromatography (IEC). The principles on the operation mode of SDS-page and IEC were studied. Besides that, the comparison of DEAE and CM column of IEC on separating proteins was made. The experiment was also carried out to determine the percentage recovery of proteins. Results: A. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-page) Figure1. The gel image of separated proteins of SDS-page electrophoresis Table1. The distance travelled for each molecular weight of separated proteins in standard marker in SDS-page gel Molecular weight of proteins in standard marker, kDa Logarithm of molecular weight of proteins in standard marker, kDa Distance migrated by each protein, cm 250 2.40 2.0 30 2.11 2.8 00 2.00 3.6 70 .85 4.5 55 .74 5.1 35 .54 6.7 25 .40 7.5 5 .18 8.6 Figure2. The graph of distance travelled by separated proteins, cm against the logarithm of molecular weight of proteins, kDa Table2. The distance travelled for each molecular weight of proteins in SDS-page gel Distance migrated by each protein, cm Logarithm of molecular weight of proteins in standard marker,
Isolation & Characterisation of Proteins. The purpose of conducting this experiment is to study protein separation using two different methods, which are the SDS-polyacrylamide gel and ion exchange chromatography
Name: Ng Yen Pheng Student ID: 22353046 Day and date: Tuesday, 3 April 2012 Title: Isolation & Characterisation of Proteins Aim: The purpose of conducting this experiment is to study protein separation using two different methods, which are the SDS-polyacrylamide gel and ion exchange chromatography. This practical also aims to study what types of ion exchangers which are more suitable to separate different types of proteins. This experiment also aims to compare the separation of proteins by SDS-PAGE and ion exchange chromatography. Results: Part A: SDS-PAGE Figure 1: Image of SDS-Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Table 1: Distance migrated (cm) by different length of protein fragments denatured by SDS Bands Molecular Weight, MW (kDa) Log10 (MW) Distance migrated (mm) 250 2.40 4 2 30 2.11 24 3 00 2.00 33 4 70 .85 43 5 55 .74 48 6 35 .54 - 7 25 .40 66 8 5 .18 75 9 0 .00 87 [( - ) in the table indicates that the band is missing] Figure 2: Graph of log (Molecular weight) against distance migrated for marker. Table 2: Distance migrated and size of fragments of 3% haemoglobin being denatured by SDS with different dilution factor in the presence of 1% of BSA. Dilution factor Distance migrated (mm) Log (Molecular weight) Molecular Weight (kDa) /5 (Sample A) 43 .819 65.892 90 0.929 8.497 /10 (Sample B) 44 .780 63.083
Mad cow diesease
Inna Sergeychik Genetics Professor Sartori November 8, 2010 Mad Cow Disease and Prions Mad Cow disease is formally known as Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy, and it has been linked to be the cause of other diseases. This disease is believed to be involved in a transmembrane protein called PRP (.sup.c). PRP is a prion that has a normal and infectious scrapie form. The biggest disease believed to be caused by mad cow disease is New-Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (vCJD). A prion is defined as a proteinaceous infectious particle that lacks nucleic acids. There are four levels of to a protein structure, which need to be understood before prions could be learned about. The primary structure consists of a repeating sequence of N-C-C. The secondary structure has an alpha helix, and a beta sheet. The tertiary structure is the final three-dimensional structure of a protein. The quaternary structure consists of multiple polypeptides bound together by covalent bonds into a single larger protein. The level of a protein that actually affects prions is the secondary structure. There are two forms of prions, a normal cellular prion, and an infectious form. The prion is encoded by a single gene on the 20th human chromosome. The normal prion is converted by an unknown sequence of events in which the coiled structure is refolded into a beta-sheet. In the infectious form, the
Commentary on Food Biotechnology Consensus Conference.
Commentary on Food Biotechnology Consensus Conference Submitted by: Submitted to: Dr. Downey Submitted on: June 13th, 2002 Course: CNST 443 June 12th, 2002 Introduction Science and technology produce many benefits but at the same time they are the cause for concerns on health and environmental welfare. Technology saves lives but with every new invention there are unintended consequences which we call (risks(. Technology risks are serious issues which will become only more prominent as new discoveries and innovations are made to enhance the quality of our everyday lives. Is the risk of trading in our health and environment quality for technological advancement worth taking? How do we decide which risks are worth taking and which are not? How to deal with risks? In order to prevent any surprise as a result of new innovations, we must learn to assess and manage risks in an effective manner. Risk management is a process of managing an organization's risk exposures to achieve its objectives in a manner consistent with public interest, human safety, environmental factors, and the law. Beck, in his article called Politics of Risk Society, was well ahead of his time in calling attention to the importance of the concept of risk and the practice of risk management as essential features of modern society. Risk management requires communication and trust between academic
Industrial Report
Industrial Case Report on "The Scotch Whisky Research Institute" Date of visit: 15th October 2008 For the attention: Dr. Ashok Adya Submitted by: Venkatesh Kolluru I D: 0803568 MSc Biotechnology BI1103A Industrial and Biomedical Biotechnology INTRODUCTION: SWRI (Scotch Whisky Research Institute) is registered in Scotland. It is also the member of AIRTO (association of independent research and technology). SWRI is mainly situated in Edinburgh (at Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh). The main aim and objectives of this institute is its keenness to attract the inquires, suggestions and advices from the academic institutions, research institutions, etc in order to conduct work on spirit drink production. Apart from this it also serves the needs of its member companies in improving their products and process and to maintain position of SWRI in the world market. SWRI also addresses the long term technical issue for the sustainability of the company and also ensures UK national research addresses distilling concerns. Its laboratories are UKAS accredited to ensure highest quality in all services. COMMERSIAL ASPECTS: Organisation of the company: This is a research institute which deals with providing the correct process of manufacturing and storing of whiskey. This also helps in the finding out the adulteration that has been done in the production. The Company is