Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis
Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis Aims I plan to investigate how different factors affect the rate of photosynthesis. Background Information The rate of photosynthesis is affected by a number of factors including light levels, temperature, availability of water, and availability of nutrients. If the conditions that the plant needs are improved the rate of photosynthesis should increase. The maximum rate of photosynthesis will be constrained by a limiting factor. This factor will prevent the rate of photosynthesis from rising above a certain level even if other conditions needed for photosynthesis are improved. This limiting factor will control the maximum possible rate of the photosynthetic reaction. For instance, increasing the temperature from 10°C to 20°C could double the rate of photosynthesis as the plant's enzymes will be closer to their optimum working temperature. As the temperature is increased, molecules in the cells will be moving at a faster rate due to kinetic theory. If the temperature is raised above a certain level, the rate of photosynthesis will drop as the plant's enzymes are denatured. They will therefore be more likely to join onto the enzymes and react. The amount of water available to the plant will affect the rate of photosynthesis. If the plant does not have enough water, the plant's stomata will shut and the plant will be
To investigate the effects of abiotic factors specifically pH on the abundance of marram grass.
Aim: To investigate the effects of abiotic factors specifically pH on the abundance of marram grass. Succession is the gradual change in an inhabitable terrain by which organisms are changed and replaced eventually forming a climax community habitable by many organisms. Primary succession begins with a barren terrain is inhabited by a pioneer species which colonises and allows the once inhabitable land to be occupied by other organisms. The succession I will be looking at will begin with a sandy environment, a psammosere. The main pioneer specie here is marram grass (A.arenaria). Pioneer species often have many adaptations that allow them to colonise in an environment that many other organisms couldn't. Marram grass is not different. As it colonises in a psammosere it has many xeromorphic adaptations. The plant is able to stabilise the sand and as it decomposes, it is able to provide nutrients to sand allowing it to become inhabitable by other plant species. The ability of a pioneer species such as marram grass to germinate grow and reproduce is called an Ecesis. Marram grass is a R-selected species. This means that in it's short lifetime it will reproduce a lot. During my experiment I will be investigating the effects of abiotic factors, specifically pH on the percentage abundance of marram grass. Null hypothesis: there is no correlation between pH and the abundance of
This investigation aims to determine what effect an increase in the surrounding temperature has on the plasma membrane of a typical plant cell structure.
Manpreet Virdee Aim This investigation aims to determine what effect an increase in the surrounding temperature has on the plasma membrane of a typical plant cell structure. Hypothesis An increase in temperature will damage and denature the plasma membrane, which would cause the substances contained within the cytoplasm to leak out of the membrane. The investigation, which was carried out, was to see the "effect of temperature on membrane permeability". Different temperatures were used ranging from room temperature to 87 C. Three test tubes were used to give a range of results. They were placed in a colorimeter, and a percentage was recorded that showed how much light has passed through. The following will show a table of the results obtained from the investigation. A mean of the results will be calculated. Temperature (C) Test tube 1 (%) Test tube 2 (%) Test tube 3 (%) Mean (%) 23 98 96 96 96.67 45 95 93 91 93.00 53 74 73 73 73.33 65 54 45 34 44.33 87 From the above results it can be seen that as the temperature increases, the permeability of beetroot membrane becomes more permeable. This shows that the plasma membrane must be denatured. In the cells of a beetroot plant, a substance called anthocyanin is contained within the plasma membrane. It is anthocyanin which gives the beetroot its characteristic blue/purple colour. If a cell is damaged
Landscape distinctiveness from history.
Neil Morbey, PLYMOUTH, 11/08/82 Landscape distinctiveness from history. These notes were taken from various sources, as listed in my bibliography, but most of the information was gathered from The Illustrated history of the countryside, by Oliver Rackham. I hope to use this information when I make observations in the field, and to aid me in identifying character. When looking at the landscape and going from different regions to others you can notice that each one looks different from the rest. Or, that one looks very similar to another. This is sometimes called local distinctiveness, when referring to towns or cities. In a wider context it is known as landscape character. This is made up of two components. Landform: The shape, texture, topography, geology and colours of the land. And Land cover: Every thing that covers the land, such as vegetation, water, wildlife, settlements, industry, landmarks etc. With different combinations and concentrations of these you get distinctive character areas. An example would be that: it is said that Hertfordshire is more like rural Essex than either are like Cambridgeshire. This is because Hertfordshire and Essex have small hamlets, medieval farms, moats, intricate roads, footpaths and thick hedges. But Cambridgeshire has big villages, wide views, brick houses, flimsy hedges and few busy straight roads. These distinctive elements
Investigating the inhibitory effect of reserpine on locomotor activity in mice, and its reversal by laevo-DOPA (L-DOPA).
Method: Experiment 1 Investigating the inhibitory effect of reserpine on locomotor activity in mice, and its reversal by laevo-DOPA (L-DOPA). A Control Mouse B Reserpine (4mg/kg) treated mouse. Test made 2-hours after administration. C Reserpine (4mg/kg) treated mouse. Test made 3-hours after administration. Note that reserpine induces catalepsy, and the mouse made very few revolutions of the wheel and so I minute recording was not shown D L-DOPA (500mg/kg) treated mouse. Test made 2-hours after administration. E Reserpine (4mg/kg) followed by L-DOPA (500mg/kg). Test made 3-hours after reserpine administration. Experiment 2 Investigating the behavioural effects of amphetamines and chloropromazine in rats. An open field test was conducted with the number of squares the rat enters being used as a measure of their motor activity. A series of tests were conducted under varying conditions, with each test lasting one minute. A Control rat B D-amphetamine (2mg/kg) treated rat. Test made 75 mins after administration C D-amphetamine (2mg/kg) treated rat. Test made 100 mins after administration. 30 second recording with the result doubled D Rat treated with D-amphetamine (2mg/kg) plus Chlorpromazine (0.5mg/kg). Test made 100 mins after administration E Chlorpromazine (0.5mg/kg) treated rat. Test made 100 mins after administration Results: Effect of drugs on
Comparing the yields of fruit juice produced from different types of fruits using Pectinase.
Comparing the yields of fruit juice produced from different types of fruits using Pectinase. Background Knowledge: Fruits are made of a relatively simple plant cell, with thin walls made of two layers. The primary cell wall is made with cellulose fibres surrounded by a matrix of pectin, hemi cellulose and proteins. The second and inner wall is similar but contains less pectin. Between the two layers is a binding layer of pectin. The complete removal of this layer causes the tissues to fall apart. This is the reason for why fruits and vegetables become soft over a period of time. Long chains of pectin are broken down by digestive enzymes produced by bacterium such a "soft rot". Cellulose is also vulnerable to enzymatic attacks especially in the primary cell wall as its arranged at random compared to the stronger regular pattern form in the second cell wall. Breakdown of cellulose leads to the breakdown of cell walls and eventually their disintegration. As fruit ripens it becomes soft, there are two reasons for this softening firstly that the softening is caused by the cellulase acting on the cell walls, or pectin binding layer changing. In unripe fruit, pectin is bound to cellulose in the cell walls. This type of pectin is insoluble and the liquid within the cell remains fluid. The fluid asserts pressure on the cell walls making the fruit seem hard because of the cell walls
A Short Formal Report Looking Into Setting Up A Chemical Plant.
A Short Formal Report Looking Into Setting Up A Chemical Plant Terms of Reference I have been told to write a short formal report explaining to the managing director of a chemical manufacturing company, the social costs, social benefits, private costs and private benefits of setting up a chemical plant on the outskirts of a small market town, and whether or not the company should set up there. The report is to be handed in to Ian Spencer on the 28th of January 2003. Procedure I am going to write the report comparing the social and private costs and benefits, using business theory, and I'm going to apply these ideas to the stakeholders. Findings . A well-known chemical manufacturing company is considering applying for planning permission to construct a new chemical plant on the outskirts of a small market town. New housing estates have recently been built in the suburbs and the area is popular for its picturesque countryside. There are many social and private costs and benefits to be surveyed before construction commences. 2. Private costs are the costs that the firms owners, an internal stake holder (explained further down in the report), along with the employees, has to pay for setting up the factory, and there are many of these to be undertaken by the company if this project is to go ahead. Firstly the company will have to pay for the land that the plant will be
The Effect of Temperature on the Speed of Response of Dionaea muscipula
The Effect of Temperature on the Speed of Response of Dionaea muscipula AIM: The aim of this experiment is to establish whether a relationship between temperature and response times of Venus Flytraps exists. ABSTRACT: The idea for this experiment evolved from doing various readings about nastic movements within plants. However, upon investigation, it was discovered that the Venus Flytrap would be better suited to doing studies on response times as the nastic plants required were not available in Queensland. Dionaea muscipula, common name Venus Flytraps, were placed in various temperatures and artificially stimulated, through the use of human hair, to respond. Five Venus Flytraps were bought, each of which had many small, trigger able traps. The size of the trap indicates whether the trap is able to be triggered or not. The reason for this is covered in the discussion section. One trap from each plant was set off at each of the following temperatures: 20°C, 25°C, 30°C and 40°C. Each of the times were recorded in a table similar to Figure 1. HYPOTHESIS: Due to the catalysing effect of temperature on most chemical reactions, it is foreseeable that the Venus flytrap will close faster when placed in a higher temperature. APPARATUS: - 5 Venus Flytraps (each with at least 4 open, trigger able traps) - Thermometer - Stop Watch - Human Hair - Heat Lights PROCESS:
An investigation to find the effect of bile salts on the digestion of fats.
AN INVESTIGATION TO FIND THE EFFECT OF BILE SALTS OF ON THE DIGESTION OF FATS Proposed method I intend to investigate the effect of bile salts on the digestion of fats. I will make up different concentrations of bile salts and add them to a lipase and fat (in this case full fat milk) mixture. I will then measure the digestion of fats by measuring the amount of fatty acids produced during the breakdown, which will be shown as a change in pH. I predict the weaker the concentration of bile salts, the slower the digestion of fats, i.e. the pH change will occur slower. Scientific background to the method Bile is an important part of the digestion of fats. It is made in the liver, and is stored in the gall bladder. Bile contains bile salts, electrolytes, bilirubin, cholesterol, and phospholipids.1 The bile salts are mainly derived from Sodium glycocholate and sodium taurocholate. The Bile salts we are using in this investigation are synthesized sodium taurocholate. They do not work in exactly the same way as bile in our bodies, and so the effects on the digestion of fats in this investigation may be slightly slower than in real life. Bile salts have detergent action on particles of fat, which causes them to break down or be emulsified into minute, microscopic droplets called micelles, which are only 0.5- 1.0 µm in diameter. (Fig. 1) These, however, are still not small
Managerial ethics - Case Study #1 Shutdown at Eastland
BUS 520a - MANAGERIAL ETHICS Case Study #1 Shutdown at Eastland Submitted by: Aaron Rogers On: October 16, 2004 To: Dr. Gary Barfoot Via: www.turnitin.com Case 1: Shutdown at Eastland Executive Summary Labor lobbyists and union leaders express concern and outrage at Speedy Motor Company's seemingly hasty decision to close down its Eastland, Michigan based auto manufacturing plant. The lobbyists and union leaders point to the Eastland plant shutdown as a reason why there should be Federal laws regulating plant closures. Answers to Questions The closing of a plant when it ceases to be profitable does not violate the "moral minimum" unless: the closure is the result of internal fraudulent action(s), the closure violates or breaks employee contracts, or the closure harms others (the phrase "harm others" is difficult to quantify and is largely subjective...but I am mostly speaking of the financial hardship levied against the employees and the greater community). (Sollars, Lecture 5, 2001). From the information presented in the case, we are not able to tell if conditions number one and two are true or not. We are, however, able to show that condition number three is satisfied, therefore if we apply the question to this case, we can show that the closure of the Eastland plant does violate the "moral minimum" because of the hardship (harm) it causes to its employees
