The use of "DNA" in police investigations IntroductionThe issue of whether DNA should be used in police investigations is widely debated in the community
The use of "DNA" in police investigations Introduction The issue of whether DNA should be used in police investigations is widely debated in the community. It is an important issue because it brings to attention the moral and ethical implications of using DNA as an investigative tool. A variety of different options have been put forward about the issue. DNA or deoxyribosenucleic acid is the genetic material in cells specific to the individual (Edwards,1978). Bodily fluids, skin, bones or blood samples can be tested for DNA material, which would indicate if someone was present at the crime scene or was any way connected to the crime. The history of DNA is very recent as it was discovered by James Watson and Francis Crick, what made it an important discovery was the fact that it had the potential to revolutionize policing methods. The use of DNA evidence in police investigations is a growing phenomenon but the general consensus of wider population may hinder its full potential as a tool for justice. Firstly some background information about DNA.The history of DNA dates back to 1868 when it was first discovered, however scientists were slow in understanding and appreciating its fundamental role in genetics. Although scientists such as James Watson and Francis critick deduced the structure of DNA, it was the work of Alec Jeffery's and his colleagues who realized that portions
Scientists and Their Discoveries.
Scientists and Their Discovery I have decided to research on three scientists that have made a huge mark on science and people today. They discovered something amazing together which helps us in so many ways, not only in our studies for biology, but for our normal day to day lives as well. These scientists' names are James Watson, Rosalind Franklin and Francis Crick. On Feb. 28, 1953, Francis Crick walked into a pub called Eagle in Cambridge, England, and said that "we had found the secret of life." And they had. That morning, Watson and Crick had figured out the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid, DNA. And that structure - has been called the "double helix". The British Crick, at 35, still had no Ph.D. The American Watson, 12 years Crick's junior, graduated from the University of Chicago at 19 and received his doctorate at the age of 22. Crick had migrated from physics into chemistry and biology and Watson had studied ornithology, and then doing postdoctoral work in Europe, took another career change. In King's College in London, there was a woman named Rosalind Franklin that was creating the world's best X-ray diffraction photos of the DNA. Of the four DNA researchers only she had university degrees in chemistry. She died of cancer in 1958, at the age of 37. In 1962 the Nobel Prize, was given to Watson, Crick and Wilkins. Crick said, if Franklin had lived, "It would have
Watson, Crick or Franklin… Who Really Discovered the Secret of DNA?
WATSON, CRICK OR FRANKLIN... WHO REALLY DISCOVERED THE SECRET OF DNA? On 25 April 1953 the prestigious journal "Nature" published one of its 'letter contributions' (remarkably short scientific papers) signed by James Watson and Francis Crick. It was one of the most momentous papers of the modern era, proposing a structure for the chemical, DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid), which composes the hereditary material of all living cellular organisms. It proposed the - now well-known - double helix structure. It is common knowledge that this paper was published without its authors undertaking a single experiment. Instead, the experiments supporting their models were undertaken over the previous three years in the Strand basement laboratories of the Medical Research Council Biophysics Unit at King's College, London, primarily by Dr Rosalind Franklin. This isn't necessarily to suggest that their models were not the result of significant hard work and inspirational insight, just that they were based on data that was being produced elsewhere in the UK by other scientists. In 1962 Watson, Crick and Prof Maurice Wilkins jointly received the Nobel Prize in medicine/physiology for their discoveries of the structure of DNA. Because the Nobel Prize can be awarded only to the living, Wilkins's colleague Dr Rosalind Franklin, who died from cancer at the age of thirty-seven, could not be
Ethical essay on Human Cloning
Ethical essay on Human Cloning Introduction Cloning is more offspring that produce identical cells. Cloning is some by using genetic material from a single cell and this does not involve sex. The first success in cloning an adult mammal was achieved by a scientist called Ian Wilmut. It involves taking an egg from the woman and taking sperm from the man. Then will need to implant the egg into the woman. They're a lot of research happening about human cloning because there is always a high demand for organs. But scientists says that it will take some time before human cloning will take place because they need to know how safe it will be. '' The first application to carry out cloning of human embryos is about to be submitted by scientists.'' (The daily telegraph 2001) A Professor called Peter Andrews of Sheffield University said in The Daily Telegraph, 24 January 2001 that he and his colleagues would soon submit an application to use spare IVF embryos and hoped to clone early human embryos. The Professor says that the licence to conduct such work could be issued in as little as nine months. The embryos would be used for research on stem cell, the parent of all cell types, which will help to repair some damage caused by Parkinson's disease, stroke, heart disease and also diabetes. Arguments for Human Cloning: - For the people who agree with human cloning, it is
DNA Profiling - An Investigative Report
DNA Profiling - An Investigative Report What is DNA profiling? What types of cases is DNA profiling used for? How is DNA profiling done? What is the admissibility of DNA profiling in court? We plan on answering all these questions about DNA profiling. We will be taking an in-depth look at how this forensic tool is used. We will also be discussing some background information on the subject. . What DNA Profiling is: To answer the question of 'What is DNA profiling?' we can simply just look at the title DNA profiling for the answer. DNA profiling is a biological tool, in which scientists are able to sort and compare samples of DNA material. DNA profiling can only be used if there is enough DNA in the samples collected, and it is also only useful in comparing samples. Due to a recent development in Victoria, a DNA profile can now be completed from the DNA that has been left on objects touched by the skin. This now provides a very powerful tool for forensic crime scene investigators. 2. Types of Cases: To answer the question of what types of cases DNA profiling is used in we looked to an Internet source, which provided us a table of case percentages. Type of Case Percentage of Cases Homicide 20 Sexual Offenses 60 Assaults 7 Burglary/Robbery 7 Criminal Damage Other 5 DNA profiling is usually carried out when human biological tissue or fluid is found at a
The DNA Damage Response during DNA Replication
Arash Ghaffarpasand 19/01/06 Fundamentals of Biochemistry The Integrative Assignment, Coursework 1 Academic Session 2005/2006 Current Opinion in Cell Biology Volume 17, Issue 6 , December 2005, Pages 568-575 Cell division, growth and death / Cell differentiation The DNA Damage Response during DNA Replication Dana Branzei and Marco Foiani Introduction In the cell life cycle there are some substantial stages including the progressing, stabilising and restarting of the replication fork, where endogenous and exogenous events can confront the genome integrity by stalling the fork. In order to prevent the abnormalities caused by fork stalling, which subsequently makes the chance for cancer to develop, replication forks have a special potential to resume the DNA replication process. In this article the way replication checkpoints participate in processing the mechanisms to stabilise, assist and organise the fork restart is shown, according to recent findings. Endogenous and exogenous events There are some locations in DNA called fragile sites, where the replication process slows down. The fork pausing in tRNA genes, for example, is associated with either genomic aberrations or DNA damage through mechanisms like uncoupling between strands or helicase being
Knitting elements and loop formation
Knitting elements and loop formation The bearded needle was the first ever knitting needle and therefore became the first needle for mechanising loop formation. However in 1849 Matthew Townsend invented the latch needle, which became more popular than the beard needle. There are a few types of latch needles used in manufacturing or domestic use. The wire latch needle is the needle where the needle butt is made by bending the end of the needle stem opposite to the needle hook. However these types of needles are no longer used in used in industrial machines. Another type of needle is called the sheet steel needle, which are latch needles that are punched from steel plates. These are much stronger than the wire type needle and are used much more in industry. Another type of needle is known as the compound needle. This consists of two parts, the needle part, which is the stem and the hook of the needle, and also a tongue part, which is the hook-closing element. This is the most expensive type of knitting needle and costs around £3. There are a number of steps involved in the latch knitting cycle. To start of with the yarn is in the hook of the needle. As the needle ascends the old loop opens the latch and continues over and past the latch to the stem of the needle and stops at what is known as the clearing position. Then a new yarn is fed through the hook of the needle. As the
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT
SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON Cloning of OsiSpo11-1 cDNA in Plant Expression Vector and its Transformation in Agrabacterium tumefaciens for its Over-expression SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BIOTECHNOLOGY HAKIM WASIM CENTRE FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY JAMIA HAMDARD (HAMDARD UNIVERSITY) NEW DELHI-62 UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF PROF. JITENDRA P.KHURANA HEAD, DEPARTMENT OF PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF DELHI, SOUTH CAMPUS NEW DELHI INDIA ABBREVIATIONS ºC Degree centigrade cDNA Complimentary DNA Cm Centimeter dATP Deoxy adenosine 5'-triphosphate dCTP Deoxy cytidine 5'-triphosphate dGTP Deoxy guanidine 5'triphosphate dTTP Deoxy thymidine 5'triphosphate dsDNA Double stranded DNA DMSO Dimethyl sulfooxide EDTA Ethylene diammenotetraacetic acid EtBr
DNA Fragmentation in Sperm Cells
DNA Fragmentation in Sperm Cells: Review Article DNA fragmentation in sperm cells is a relatively new concept that has discovered that the probability of conception occurring is partly dependant on the quality of the male partner's sperm cells. Earlier, it was believed that if a man had sperm that was live, motile and had a normal morphology, then an inability of the female partner to get pregnant through IVF?ICSI was probably due to the quality of the female egg tissue. However, then couples began to discover that even if they used surrogates or the eggs of established donors, they were unable to conceive. Then the concept of DNA fragmentation was introduced, which stated that the quality of the sperm is also dependant on the amount of damage done to its DNA or the amount in DNA fragmentation. The DNA in all cells is arranged in the form of a double helix, a structure that looks like a twisted ladder. If the rungs of this ladder break then the DNA will be unable to function properly. Not only that, but a sperm cell with high DNA fragmentation may not show any outwardly sign, i.e., neither its motility nor its morphology may be affected. (1) Thus, although several studies have shown that there is a high correlation between the degree of DNA fragmentation and the probability of normal pregnancy and childbirth, there are still some studies that say that although there is a
INDUSTRIAL USE OF ENZYMES
6.54.2.10 INDUSTRIAL USE OF ENZYMES Matti Leisola, Jouni Jokela, Ossi Pastinen, Ossi Turunen Laboratory of Bioprocess Engineering, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland, and Hans Schoemaker, DSM Research, MD Geleen, The Netherlands Keywords: Industrial enzymes, speciality enzymes, protein engineering, enzyme technology, enzyme production, biocatalysis, fine chemicals Contents . Historical background 2. Enzyme classification 3. Enzyme production 3.1. Microbial production strains 3.2. Enzyme production by microbial fermentation 4. Protein engineering 5. Enzyme technology 6. Large scale enzyme applications 6.1. Detergents 6.2. Starch 6.3. Drinks 6.4. Textiles 6.5. Animal feed 6.6. Baking 6.7. Pulp and paper 6.8. Leather 7. Speciality enzymes 7.1. Enzymes in analytics 7.2. Enzymes in personal care products 7.3. Enzymes in DNA-technology 8. Enzymes in fine chemical production 8.1. Chirally pure amino acids and aspartame 8.2. Rare sugars 8.3. Semi synthetic penicillins 8.4. Lipase based reactions 8.5. Asymmetric synthesis 8.6. Enzymatic oligosaccharide synthesis 9. Future trends in industrial enzymology Glossary Alkaline phosphatase: An enzyme that degrades ester bonds in alkaline conditions. Amino acid amidase: An enzyme that is used in manufacturing optically pure amino acids. It hydrolyses an amide bond in natural
