A 0.60 um film of silicon dioxide is to be etched with a buffered oxide etchant of etch rate 750 A min-1. Process data shows that the thickness may vary up to 10% and the etch rate may vary up to 15%.
Andy Somody 97300-6222 ENSC 495 Assignment #3 6-1). a). A 0.60 um film of silicon dioxide is to be etched with a buffered oxide etchant of etch rate 750 A min-1. Process data shows that the thickness may vary up to 10% and the etch rate may vary up to 15%. The maximum possible thickness of the silicon dioxide film is therefore 110% of its nominal value. Therefore, the maximum possible thickness of the silicon dioxide film can be determined through the following calculation: where zmax is the maximum possible thickness of the silicon dioxide film and znominal is the nominal thickness of the silicon dioxide film. Therefore, znominal = 0.60 um. Any number expressed as a percentage can alternatively be expressed as a decimal. For example, 110% can be expressed as 1.1. Using this decimal format, the above formula can be rewritten in the following manner: Substituting our previously determined value for znominal into the above formula yields: with significant figures applied Similarly, the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant is 85% of its nominal value. Therefore, the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant can be determined through the following calculation: where rmin is the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant and rnominal is the minimum possible etch rate of the buffered oxide etchant. Therefore, rnominal =
Forensic Chemistry - Ion Selective Electrode. The objective of experiment is to determine the chloride and nitrate (toxic anions) in samples from the calibration curve
SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL LIFE SCIENCES Diploma of Applied Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Science Experiment No. 3 Metal Toxicity Module Code (CP 4098) Desmond Seah (P1006812) Year of Study: Year 2 DACP/FT Lecturer Jeffrey Whey AY 11/12 ________________ Content Page Synopsis Page . Introduction 1-2 2. Theory 2-12 3. Procedure 12-13 4. Results and calculation 13-14 5. Discussion 14-24 6. Conclusion 24 References List of Illustration S/N Figures and Tables Page Number Types of electrode with diagram 7 2 Internal structure of Ion selective electrode 8 3 Possible interferences with reference solutions stated 9 4 Calibration curve of Ion
Optimizing a Windows-Based Computer Data Acquisition and Reduction System for the General Chemistry Laboratory
Optimizing a Windows-Based Computer Data Acquisition and Reduction System for the General Chemistry Laboratory DUE 9652855 Ed Vitz Kutztown University Brenda Egolf Evaluation Specialist Introduction There were three major products of this project: (1) The first is a new version of the LIMSport laboratory manual based on Excel, which is used in all sections of the General Chemistry course at Kutztown University, and Excel? laboratory templates necessary to support it. The original version was based on DOS/Lotus 1-2-3?. A sample chapter has been submitted as a separate file in the Activities Section of this report. (2) Second, we completed a formal assessment of the efficacy of our computer-centered LIMSport Laboratory Program at Kutztown University in an attempt to determine what level of computer prompting is optimal for first year science students. The results of that study are reported below. And Finally, (3) we found it necessary to redesign all of the software, and some of the hardware components of the LIMSport system in response to unanticipated changes by Microsoft? in the Windows? operating system. A copy of an article written for Scientific Computing and Instrumentation, which describes the project and includes acknowledgements of NSF support, is included in the Activities Section of this report. Assessment of LIMSport Curriculum Development Project
Kinetics: The rates of a chemical reaction
UNIVERSITI TUNKU ABDUL RAHMAN FACULTY OF ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (HONS) BIOTECHNOLOGY YEAR 1 SEMESTER 2 UESB 1212 LABORATORY 1B THE PROPERTIES OF MATTER EXPERIMENT 5: KINETICS: THE RATES OF A CHEMICAL REACTION NAME/ID: LOW WEI SEONG 05UEB02315 HEW XIN HONG 05UEB02306 GROUP: 4 DATE: 16TH & 23RD JANUARY 2006 LECTURER: MR. TAN KONG WAI Experiment 5 Title Kinetics: The rates of a chemical reaction Objectives - To determine the rate of reaction of chemical reaction. - To study changes made to rate of reaction when there is vary in concentration and temperature. - To obtain graph concentration/temperature against rate of reaction from data collected. Introduction In this experiment, we are going to study of chemical reaction, seeing how the rate of chemical reaction varies with reactant concentration and temperature. We also are going to see how this data can give information for us about the pathway and mechanism. In Part A and Part B of the experiment you will investigate the effect of reactant concentration on the rate of reaction, and thereby obtain the rate equation. The effect of temperature is studied in Part C, and the results used to find the activation energy for the reaction. Chemical kinetics is the study and discussion of chemical reactions with respect to reaction rates, effect of various variables, re-arrangement of
Food safety legislation
Contents Introduction 2 Explanation of Breaches of Legislation 3 Recommendations for Breaches of Legislation 7 Discussion of enforcement options available 8 Intervention methods 11 Conclusion 13 Appendix 14 Bibliography 27 The purpose of this report is to recognize and identify the pertinent legislative breaches of food safety and hygiene at The Taj Mahal Restaurant, which is situated in Mansfield, Nottinghamshire. There is a basic general requirement EC Regulation 178/2002 Section 1 Article 5, of the Food Safety Law, which states all food business objectives, should be to have a high level of protection for human life and health, adopt hygienic measures to comply with specified microbiological criteria of food, and protect the consumer's interest. Additionally, within this report the author aims to provide recommendations for the breaches of legislation, discuss the enforcement options available, and include potential intervention methods for improvements to be made in food safety and hygiene within the business. Name of Restaurant Taj Mahal Address of Restaurant 30 Mansfield Road Mansfield Nottingham Nottinghamshire NG15 9EZ Name of Proprietor Mr Gomel Maguey Name of Manager Mr Dim Sum Date of inspection 14th July 2008 Time of inspection 17.30 Name of Inspector Andrea Palfreman
The aims of this experiment are to measure the heat of decomposition of hydrogen peroxide the heat capacity of calorimeter and calculate the enthalpy of decomposition of hydrogen.
SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL LIFE SCIENCES Diploma of Applied Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Science Experiment 3 Heat of Decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide Date of Experiment: 25/11/10 CP4117 Desmond Seah (P1006812) Year of Study: Year 1 DACP/FT AY 10/11 ________________ Content Page Synopsis Page . Introduction 1-2 2. Theory 2-6 3. Procedure 7 4. Results and calculation 8-10 5. Discussion 10-11 6. Conclusion 12 7. Recommendation References List of Illustration S/N Figures and Tables Page Number Simple calorimeter 4 2 Bomb calorimeter 5 3 Suggested setup for simple calorimeter 11 Synopsis The central objectives of this experiment are
The objective of this experiment is to determine how a buffer system resists large changes in pH due to addition of strong acids.
SINGAPORE POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL OF CHEMICAL LIFE SCIENCES Diploma of Applied Chemistry with Pharmaceutical Science Experiment 4 Measurement of pH and Determination of Buffer Capacity CP4120 Desmond Seah (P1006812) Year of Study: Year 1 DACP/FT Lecturer Joseph Chan AY 10/11 ________________ Content Page Synopsis Page . Objectives of Experiment 1 2. Theory 1 2.1 Buffers and pH calculation 1-5 2.2 Water a Poor Buffer 5-6 2.3 Instrument – Glass Electrode pH meter 6-8 . Procedure 9 2. Results and calculation 9-10 3. Discussion 11-12 5.1 Instrument Errors
Perform a preliminary design evaluation for a plant to produce 30,000 te/yr of Maleic Anhydride (MA), C4H2O3, from a liquid feedstock containing 95% n-butane.
CET PART IIA EXERCISE 6 Process Synthesis 25th February 2003 Introduction The objective of the exercise is to perform a preliminary design evaluation for a plant to produce 30,000 te/yr of Maleic Anhydride (MA), C4H2O3, from a liquid feedstock containing 95% n-butane. The remaining 5% of the feed is iso-butane, which is taken to form carbon dioxide instantaneously under the reactor conditions. The reactor must be kept above 100 ºC everywhere to prevent condensation on the catalyst. The reactor operates around 400 ºC and 2.5 bara. Reaction Scheme The following reactions will take place in the reactor: C4H10 + 3.5O2 ? C4H2O3 + 4H2O C4H10 + 6.5O2 ? 4CO2 + 5H2O The selectivity of generating Maleic Anhydride, is given by S = 0.70 - 0.3X2 [1] where X is the conversion of n-butane Figure 1 below shows the distribution of products. Figure 1: Diagram showing distribution of products Using the information in Figure 1, the required flowrate of n-butane in the feed can be found, together with the compositions and flowrates of the product stream. The minimum air flowrate is defined by the fact that the concentration of n-butane in air must be below its lower explosion limit of 1.7 mol %. Basic Flowsheet The basic flowsheet to be considered is as follows: Figure 2: Basic Flowsheet Design Equation [1] shows that selectivity decreases with conversion, which
TEST FOR QUININE
INTRODUCTION Toxicology is the study of harmful effect of drugs and poisons on living things. Forensic toxicology is the scientific study of poison in relations to law in criminal and civil cases; mostly used in criminal justice system cases. The role of Forensic toxicologist is to identify, quantify and confirm the presence of drugs in relevant case materials, i.e. they study the relationship between dose and its effect. A toxicologist is also responsible for the interpretation of drug levels and presenting their opinion court. (Siegel 2007, pg 409) Toxicity is the ability of a chemical to cause a deleterious effect when an organism is exposed to it. It is the degree to which a substance is poisonous. Poisonous refer to any substance that can cause injury or have fatal effect when introduced into, or taken up by a living organism. (Hodgson et al, 1998. pg 469) The severity of toxicity produced by a chemical is directly proportional to the exposure of concentration and the time of exposure. Toxicity can either be acute or chronic. Acute toxicity is the adverse effects occurring within a relatively short time interval after toxicant exposure (i.e. as short as a few minutes to as long as several days), usually caused by single exposure to the toxicant. In the past, the LD50 or LC50 test was used to test acute toxicity. LD50 (median lethal dose) is the quantity of chemical
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Measurement of Density and Determination of Partial Molar Volume, and the Effects of Concentrations to Surface Tension and Viscosity of Cyclohexane-Benzene Binary System
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Measurement of Density and Determination of Partial Molar Volume, and the Effects of Concentrations to Surface Tension and Viscosity of Cyclohexane-Benzene Binary System Chrissie Arceo, Jhulius Arnuco, Jonel Banania, Reuben James Q. Buenafe Mapua Institute of Technology, Muralla St., Intramuros, Manila Abstract ________________ ________________ The experimental design entitled, “Measurement of Density and Determination of Partial Molar Volume, and the Effects of Concentrations to Surface Tension and Viscosity of Cyclohexane-Benzene Binary System” tends to create a partial molar volume versus the mole fraction of benzene graph, to determine the partial molar volume of benzene-cyclohexane system at different concentrations using density measurement, to compare it to a standard value predetermined by another experimental report, to determine the effects of concentration of the binary system to its surface tension and to its viscosity, to determine the effect of bulk solute concentration on the surface tension of aqueous solution, and to evaluate graphically the parameters of the Gibbs isotherm. The study shows that there is significant difference between the changes in concentration and the viscosity of the system, there is also significant difference between the changes in concentration and the surface tension of the liquid and the data of
