The atmosphere and refrigerant gasses
The atmosphere and refrigerant gasses The gases contained in a commercial vehicle or motor car air conditioning systems, air conditioning systems and cellar cooling systems are generally speaking, non toxic. This applies only if accidentally and briefly inhaled at normal climatic temperatures and pressures. However they can cause suffocation if an individual is exposed to a high concentration of it in an enclosed environment, just as Carbon dioxide or Nitrogen would. It is much heavier than air and can easily settle in low-lying areas such as inspection pits basements and cellars. Be aware for its distinctive smell along the lines of gasoline/cleaning spirits, not an unpleasant smell. Even small amounts can be detected fairly easily. Leaks must be addressed and contained immediately. If it is exposed to high temperatures or a naked flame or a cigarette, certain kinds of refrigerant gases can produce Phosgene gas. Phosgene gas is extremely toxic, a chemical that has been used in chemical warfare. It will quickly freeze human flesh solid if exposed at the point where it is changing from a liquid to a gaseous form. The damage caused to the environment in the past has been immense, and will take along time to recover, if ever. This progressive damage was checked early in the 1990's by a radical change in global rules and regulations governing the management and use of
"Atmospheric hazards are natural phenomena." A Natural Hazard is an unexpected or uncontrollable natural event of unusual magnitude
"Atmospheric hazards are natural phenomena." A Natural Hazard is an unexpected or uncontrollable natural event of unusual magnitude that threatens the activities of people or people themselves. Natural hazards can be catagorized into three main groups: Geomorphic, Ecological and of course atmospheric hazards. Common Atmospheric hazards include; tropical cyclones, droughts, bushfires, floods, heatwaves and severe storms. Rarer atmospheric hazards, but amoungst the most dangerous are, cyclonic storm surges and tornadoes. The term Natural Phenomena can be defined as 'an act of nature alone', meaning that humans are not responsible for the event in any way. It is obvious that humans are not able to create hazards such as droughts or a tornadoes, and these events are initiated by forces we can't control, such as weather conditions, pressure systems and by the influence of the earths gravity. However, there is strong evidence that some hazards have been accentuated by other influences such as the locations, actions and resource use of people. Even though humans cannot be the sole cause of an atmospheric event, their influence can have an effect on the frequency, magnitude and also the location of atmospheric hazards. Atmospheric events can be labelled as a hazard when people or infrastructures are at risk. However, sometimes an atmospheric event would not become a hazard in the
Approaches to the past are largely determined by the intellectual climate of the times. To what extent does this statement apply to Book One of Herodotus?
Approaches to the past are largely determined by the intellectual climate of the times. To what extent does this statement apply to Book One of Herodotus? Herodotus' Histories were to some extent undoubtedly determined by the intellectual climate of the times. This essay will explore ways in which aspects such as literacy, myth and causation of the intellectual climate have influenced Herodotus in his writings. Herodotus was born in Halicarnassus which is modern Bodrum in what is now Turkey. This city was a melting pot of Greeks and non Greeks which almost certainly contributed to Herodotus' open minded interest in cultures. He lived for a number of years in Athens whose history and affairs he described with admiration. As he makes no effort to limit his reporting to objectively factual material, any reader should use caution when relying on him as a source for events. But because of his broad appreciation for how culture, legend, personality and accident can shape history, his work offers insights into ancient history that can be found nowhere else. As stated by Carr 'The society in which history is written shapes the history written'1 and to some extent this can be seen to apply to Herodotus. The intellectual climate of Athens has undoubtedly played a role in Herodotus' 'histories'. At this time Athens was the centre of intellectual life and could boast an almost
The influence of differing spread of precipitation
Distribution, patterns and even type of precipitation vary greatly across the Earth. In this work, processes that determine differing spread of precipitation will be analysed in terms of their influences on the global hydrosphere and the pre-eminent force acting on precipitation fluctuations will be identified. Precipitation is basically the condensing of water vapour into liquid water droplets and/or ice particles that fall to the earth's surface (Arnell, 2002). Precipitation is not just limited to rain but also includes snow, hail and dew (Henderson-Sellers,1986) these differing forms, especially rain and snow, are created by differing climatological forces and are more frequent at differing spatial places and times in they year or even day. Latitude, elevation and continentality are vital in understanding the spatial variation of precipitation and also the processes of global warming and increasing frequency of El Nino episodes will be included. The ITCZ is an area of low pressure, which receives much solar radiation and is situated at the meeting place of the north-south trade winds; it generates conditions that generate non-frontal and frontal depressions. The ITCZ can be found along the equatorial region between 20ºN and 20ºS approximately as can be seen in appendix A (Linacre, 1997). The annual migrations of the ITCZ generates seasons: it shifts northwards during
Describe the processes responsible for ice movements. (20)Explain what factors influence the rate of glacier ice movement. (25)
describe the processes responsible for ice movements. (20) Explain what factors influence the rate of glacier ice movement. (25) A. Describe the processes responsible for ice movements. (20) There are three main processes which are responsible for ice movements, these are; Internal deformation, basal sliding and subglacial bed deformation. Basal sliding this is the process by which a warm based glacier undergoes thawing at its base. This is due to the melting point of the ice being lowered by increased pressure and friction caused by the ice. This in turn causes the accumulation of a thin film of water along the subglacial base. A part of basal sliding is ice creep, Ice creep is where the ice flows around or over obstacles on the bed. The subglacial surface is often rough and full of obstacles such as areas of resistant rock. When a glacier meets an obstacle on the bed it does not often flow straight over or around the obstacle, there is a slight pause before the ice negotiates the obstacle. The reason for the pause is because the obstacle protruding into the base of the ice mass causes an increase in pressure within the ice on the upstream face of the obstacle. thus increasing the rate of ice deformation around the obstacle, allowing the ice mass to smoothly pass over or around the object. (which can form a roche moutonee) Another process that controls the flow of a
Describe and explain the atmospheric processes responsible for the tropical monsoon climate and assess the extent to which human activity is influenced by this climate.
Describe and explain the atmospheric processes responsible for the tropical monsoon climate and assess the extent to which human activity is influenced by this climate. Monsoons are cyclical wave-like air masses that occur in the sub-tropics, moving onto land from the sea during the summer and returning over water in winter. The word monsoon comes from the Arabic mausim, meaning "season," because these storms return year after year. The monsoon climate is found along the coastal regions of southwest India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mynamar, Southwestern Africa, French Guiana, northeast and southeastern Brazil. Monsoon zones exist all around the world, but they all have two seasons, wet and dry, caused by winds, which blow in opposite directions. In some monsoon regions, such as those in China and Japan there can be rainfall all year round, although most of it will still fall in the wet, summer season. All monsoons share three basic physical mechanisms: differential heating between the land and oceans (adiabatic heating); Coriolis forces due to the rotation of the Earth; and the role of water which stores and releases energy as it changes from liquid to vapour and back (latent heat). The combined effect of these three mechanisms produces the monsoon's characteristic reversals of high winds and precipitation. One of the most important variable is the timing of the beginning
The failure of the US and Australian Governments to ratify the Kyoto Protocol reflects the influence of short- term business considerations. Do you agree or disagree with this statement?
The failure of the US and Australian Governments to ratify the Kyoto Protocol reflects the influence of short- term business considerations. Do you agree or disagree with this statement? The Kyoto Protocol is a document signed by about 180 countries at Kyoto, Japan, in December in 1997. The protocol commits 38 industrialized countries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases between 2008 and 2012 to levels at 5.2 per cent below 1990 levels. And each of the participating developed countries must decide how to meet its respective reduction goal during a five-year period (2008-2012), but specific ground rules remain to be worked out at future negotiating sessions (Hunter, Salzman, Zaelke, 2002). Since the greenhouse gases is a term used for gases such as carbon dioxide which are mainly generated as a result of burning fossil fuels such as coal, petrol and diesel and the use of these fuels have helped with industrialization enormously. However, it has correspondingly caused a steady increase in the level of carbon rich gases and other pollutants (Faure, Gupta, Nentjes, 2003). As developed countries and industrialized nations, the US and Australian government with the biggest emissions remained silent about specific targets and timetables. Even if the US announced that the protocol would consider flexible targets and timetables, meaning that all the industrialized parties
How useful are the calculations of heritabilities in understanding human behaviour? Historically, the study of heritability (defined as the proportion of phenotypic variance that can be accounted for by genetic variance)
Essay n° 3: How useful are the calculations of heritabilities in understanding human behaviour? Historically, the study of heritability (defined as the proportion of phenotypic variance that can be accounted for by genetic variance) has been typically performed on twins, as it was begun by Galton in the nineteenth-century. The conclusions he draw from his observations on twins remained largely accepted by later studies. He wrote that 'The twins who closely resembled each other in childhood and early youth, and were reared under not very dissimilar conditions, either grow unlike through the development of natural characteristics which had lain dormant at first, or else they continue their lives, keeping time like two watches, hardly to be thrown out of accord except by some physical jar. Nature is far stronger than Nurture within the limited range that I have been careful to assign to the latter'(Galton, 1875), and his assumption expressed in the last sentence has been confirmed by several studies, and some contemporary biologists and psychologists still defend it. In this essay, to analyse the main trends of the heritability debate, I will focus mainly on intelligence and IQ data, for intelligence is a trait that has been intensively studied from the heritability perspective. Twin studies are a classical method in heritability researches because they allow the investigator
Environmental Impact Assesment
.0 Introduction Knox community college is a co-educational institution located in Spalding, Jamaica It operates four campuses, namely, Spalding, Cobbla, May Pen and Mandeville. The College started with three academic programs: Pre-university Arts and Sciences, Secretarial Studies and Farm Management. Today, there are over fifty (50) programs in a variety of subject areas such as Continuing Education, Pre-University, Paraprofessional, Vocational, and offering Certificates, Diplomas, associate and Bachelors Degrees. There are thirty departments and sections with closely structured teams. Each team has a department or Sectional head. The Vice -principal is the Academic dean. Knox Community College is the fastest growing community College in Central Jamaica, and probably one of the fastest growing in the island. The Ministry of Education, Youth and Culture accorded Knox Class A. Knox is regarded as a student - centered institution which is geared to meet the educational needs of all students regardless of academic or socio-economic status. Spalding Campus is the original site of Knox Community College. It was founded in 1975 as part of the Knox Complex of Schools, and culminated the vision of the late Rev. Lewis Davidson, founder of Knox to provide education for the people of the surrounding communities and parishes "from the cradle to the grave". The campus has a cafeteria
internal enviroment (heat lab)
Measurement of Thermal Conductivity Within this coursework our aim was to find the measurement of the thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete blockwork and in doing so we will be carrying out an experiment which will allow us to gather these results. Furthermore, we will analyze our results which we gained from our experiment and check the accuracy of our measurements. This will allow us to see if we have incurred any error in our results and also make comparisons in relation to our results. We will conduct this experiment in accordance with the method provided on the printed sheet. Thermal conductivity is a measure of the ability of a material to transfer heat given two surfaces (of concrete blockwork) on either side of the material with a temperature difference between them. The thermal conductivity is the heat energy transferred per unit time and per unit surface area which is divided by the temperature difference. It is measured in watts per degree Kelvin. The following characters symbolize each step in the equations: ? represents the thermal conductivity of the material d represents the thickness of the concrete A represents the cross sectional area of the concrete block touching the heater Q represents amount of watts flowing through to the heater (t1 - t2) is the temperature difference between the heated side of the material and side in contact with