Environmental Management. The London smog of 1952 is one of history's most important air pollution episodes in terms of its impact on science, public perception of air pollution, and government regulation.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Theme: The great smog of 1952 Table of contents The Great Smog of 1952 3 The Early 1900s 4 Introduction 4 Estimates of Influenza-Related Mortality 6 Sensitivity Analysis 7 The relationship between the Great Smog and the Sulphur Dioxide 8 Air Pollution During The Great London Smog, 1952 9 The Clean Air Acts, 1956 & 1968 10 Tall Chimneys 10 Urban Air Quality After The Clean Air Acts 10 Conclusion 12 The Great Smog of 1952 The Early 1900s Fog and smog frequencies began to reduce in UK urban areas during the early 1900s, compared with the latter half of the nineteenth century. Air pollution was still a severe problem but the number of major smogs began to decrease. Several changes helped to contribute to this situation, including: * changing social conditions; * tighter industrial controls; * declining importance of coal as a domestic fuel; * changes in fuel type - gas and electricity became alternatives to coal. Introduction The London smog of 1952 is one of history's most important air pollution episodes in terms of its impact on science, public perception of air pollution, and government regulation. The association between health and air pollution during the episode was evident as a strong rise in air pollution levels was immediately followed by sharp increases in mortality and morbidity. However, mortality in the months after
The origin of hurricanes and predictability of hurricane tracks
The origin of hurricanes and predictability of hurricane tracks Low pressure systems form at mid latitude temperate zones as a result of the convergence of warm and cold air masses. Low pressure systems generally form over the polar front where the polar maritime air (a cold air mass) and tropical maritime air (a warm air mass) meet. Air currents in this area within the Northern Hemisphere will flow counter-clockwise due to the rotation of the earth and surface friction. Air flows accumulate at the centre of the system, and the warm air rises because it is less dense, leading to low pressure at the surface. It contains more moisture than the polar maritime air and as a result, when it ascends, it condenses and produces clouds and rain. Cirrus type clouds are the first clouds that are usually created at this point. A circulation of air rotates in an anticlockwise motion due to the coriolis effect. The tropical maritime air swirls around the polar front, the system matures and eventually a warm and cold front is created. At the warm front, the warm air rises over the cold air, the cirrus clouds develop to be cirrostratus, altostratus and nimbostratus clouds which eventually will lead to heavy rain because of the condensation of the warm air. Towards the edge of the warm front, conditions are more stable and pressure stops decreasing as much. No longer is there so much
Climate modelling of Precipitation in Brazil
Precipitation Overview: The precipitation levels of Brazil vary widely over the country. Most areas of Brazil show moderate precipitation between 1000 to 1500 millimeters a year. Most of rainfall is concentrated during the summer time at south part of the equator. The Amazon region shows higher precipitation level, which is 2000 – 3000 millimeters per year. Especially the western Amazon area shows the higher precipitation level than other areas of Amazon. Yet, Amazon region has three to five-month-long dry season per year but dry season comes in a different seasons depending on the parts of Amazon. On the contrast of the Amazon region that shows high and regular level of precipitation, Northeast area is semiarid. The northeast area of Brazil is the driest and hottest part of the country; the dry season starts from May and last till November. Most of central-western area of Brazil shows 1500 to 2000 millimeters of rainfall per year but it also has dry seasons in the middle of the year. Meanwhile, the south, Northwest and Atlantic coast shows the similar precipitation per year without a distinct dry season. Precipitation is closely linked to the air temperature. This temperature fluctuation due to the precipitation may affect the ecology, environment and industry of Brazil. Model Analysis: Two different models are used to get data for the analysis of precipitation. The
The recent water shortages in Spain have become a severe and lasting crisis.
. BCN 1582 Individual Paper Template . Name: 1. . UF Student ID: 1. . Topic Country: 1. Spain . Subject (climate change or water): 1. Water Crisis Please select a country from your assigned continent and select to report on either water or climate change issues within that country. This could include challenges that the country faces or initiatives that the country has started. Provide data to support the discussion and explain the implications of the data for sustainability. The paper length is two pages using this template; do not change the font style, font size, or line spacing; leave this first page intact. Add a works cited page for a total of four pages. Please provide citations for your data in any consistent and complete format such as: end notes or inline. Papers must be submitted through the e-Learning/Sakai course web site. Emailed papers will not be accepted. A Turnitin report is generated for you to review before final submission. Grading criteria include but are not limited to: . Structure and formatting . Spelling and grammar, sentence structure, and general writing. 2. Whether the template and format were followed. 3. Appropriate use of citations and formatting. . Content . Are there at least three data points from legitimate sources. 2. Are the data points appropriate and meaningful for the purposes of this paper. 3. Does the
Choose a public policy in Hong Kong and then discuss the most appropriate model for explaining the way in which the policy was made. Give reasons for your choice.
Q: Choose a public policy in Hong Kong and then discuss the most appropriate model for explaining the way in which the policy was made. Give reasons for your choice. Introduction Incremental decision making model has contributed much to our understanding of how policies are made and implemented. The purpose of this paper is to address the decision making model applied in Hong Kong by illustrating the environmental policies that have been made in the last two decades. Environmental policy was chosen in this paper because it has again become a popular point of discussion in Hong Kong due to the massive concern by the Chief Executive in his policy address. Besides, there are few controversial issues in recent years that aroused public concern and discussion too, such as the building of Disneyland, the development of Sha Lo Tung and the Western Railway Project by the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC). This essay mainly comprised of three parts. First, I will mention the main features and characteristics of the incremental decision making model. Secondly, I will briefly discuss the environmental policies in Hong Kong in the last two decades, especially the Ordinances imposed by the Environmental Protection Department (EPD). Finally, I will analyze how the environmental policies have been made in the period and if they can be explained by the incremental decision making
Mount Kenya Forest
Mount Kenya Forest Summary: Conventional economic tools are poorly equipped to deal with the subsistence value of forest resources within the context of local livelihoods. Methods for economic valuation must be based on locally meaningful economic categories, rather than an inappropriate and externally imposed market paradigm, if they are to be realistic and practical. Using the case of Mount Kenya Forest, this paper demonstrates that recognition of the livelihood value of forest resources forms a key part of conservation planning and practice. As well as presenting a strong justification for forest conservation in the face of competing demands on scarce land and financial resources, local forest values provide insights into methods for forest conservation, which are both equitable and sustainable over the long-term. The paper concludes that attempts at forest conservation are unlikely to succeed unless they recognize the importance of forest resources in local livelihoods. Ignoring local use values not only marginalizes forest adjacent communities and jeopardizes their livelihoods, it also gives rise to the danger that forests will be under-valued and that forest management efforts will fail to achieve conservation goals. Mount Kenya Forest covers an area of over 200,000 ha, lying on the slopes of Mount Kenya (5,199 m) in the central highlands of Kenya. The forest was
Power struggles exist within every country, within every province or state and even within cities. This is where Friedman's core/periphery model comes in to play for Canada.
A Power Struggle Power struggles exist within every country, within every province or state and even within cities. This is where Friedman's core/periphery model comes in to play for Canada. In the following, the core/periphery model will be briefly described and it will be applied to three geographic areas of Canada: 1) British Columbia, 2) Western Canada, 3) The Territorial North. The impact that the topography, the climate and other physical aspects of each region have on itself will be discussed. Finally, the unique settlement pattern of each area will also so be briefly reviewed. What is the core/periphery model? The core/periphery model can be described as the combination of affects a region's physiography, climate and other natural elements can have on the region's development and, ultimately, its fate. According to Friedman's regional version of the core/periphery model, a core is the industrial region that draws on its periphery, which is a more resource-oriented and a less economically diversified region.1 According to his version, British Columbia and Western Canada (to a lesser extent) are known as upward transitional regions and the Territorial North is known has a resource frontier. British Columbia The geographic region of British Columbia is composed of two physiographic regions and two climate zones. The Cordillera covers the majority of British
My visit to Jiuzhaigou valley.
My Visit to Jiuzhaigou Valley 01?(2) ??? 27 Jiuzhaigou, reputed as a "fairyland", is situated in the central south part of the Jiuzhaigou County in Sichuan Province. It is so named because of the nine Tibetan villages in the scenic area such as the Heye Village, the Shuzheng Village and the Zezhawa village. With an elevation of 2000-3100m above sea-level, the scenic area enjoys pleasant climate and beautiful colours all year round, being one of the world's famous scenic areas possessing the best tourist environment. This summer vacation, I went to visit this world-level scenic spot with some friends. As one of the most costly landscapes in China, Jiuzhaigou cost you ¥145 for entrance, and another ¥ 90 for taking the green environment-protective sightseeing bus. The two tickets are only valid in one day that means if you want to visit it again the next day, you have to pay the tickets again. After we entered the main gate, a working personnel came and showed us to the bus station. This kind of bus is said to better solve the problem of pollution of tail gas to the environment of the scenic spot. Soon the bus started and a lovely Tibetan girl, served as a guide, began to introduce Jiuzhaigou to the passengers. I learnt from her that Jiuzhaigou was listed into the world Natural Heritage Catalog in1992, approved as a man-and-biosphere reserve in the world in 1997, and
Environmental Management.
Environmental Management Assignment 1, semester 1 ) Business organisations today are under increasing pressures from various groups in relation to reduce their environmental impact and support sustainability. In this section of the assignment I will discuss and explain the nature of the pressures in general terms. In turn I will outline the various groups and the nature of pressures imposed. National legislation laid out by the government is one of the key and most fundamental pressures which businesses face today. Guidelines are set out and principle legislation has been created such as the Environmental Protection Act 1990, the Water Resources Act 1991 and the Environment Act 1995. Although environmental legislation has been laid down, the government take a discretionary approach towards organisations. The governments set targets such as stating how much material has to be recycled per year. The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution first outlined in concept of BPEO (Best Practicable Environmental Option) in its 5th Report. A BPEO approach was described as meaning the reduction or modification of waste generation and the direction of what waste remained to the environmental medium in which the least overall damage would be done. European legislative pressure is a little more direct and assertive than national legislation. This is counteracted by the fact that
THERE IS NO ONE FOCUS FOR THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PEOPLE AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT. DIFFE
THERE IS NO ONE FOCUS FOR THE STUDY OF THE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN PEOPLE AND THEIR ENVIRONMENT. DIFFE Pre 1945, the main issues concerning the relationship between people and their environment were whether the earth was purposely created, whether human activity affects the physical environment or on the other hand, whether the physical environment affects human activity. Subsequently, these issues prompted four different scientific approaches being adopted - environmental determinism, possibilism, human ecology and landscape change. Environmental determinism is the philosophical view that the environment is the determinant (or principle influence) of social development and there will be an eventual adjustment of society to the physical surroundings. In short, man is largely conditioned by his environment. Geographical research in the late nineteenth century, influenced largely by the evolutionary work of Charles Darwin, was concerned with recognising the laws of nature, eg. the process of natural selection. Consequently there started this deterministic view by which peoples achievements could be explained as being the results of natural conditions. The names of Freidrich Ratzel (1844-1904) and Ellen Churchill Semple (1963-1932) are associated with the most outspoken expression of this idea of determinism. These were then modified by geographers such as, Ellesworth