Using 6 mm thick low carbon steel plate as the parent material. Deposit a weld bead on each side of the parent using the shielded metal arc process. Vary the size of electrode in each case.
Department of Mechanical Engineering Joining and Metallurgical Examination William Andrew Annal Group W3-6 Contents . Front Page - 1 2. Contents - 2 3. Safety - 3 4. Process Theory - 4-5 5. Process Application - 6 6. Procedure of SMAW - 7 7. Results - 8 8. Results Discussion - 9 9. Welding Effects On Microstructure - 10-11 0. Preparation - 12 1. Photographic Technique - 13 2. Observations - 14 3. Conclusions - 15 Safety Joining in the workshop involves many risks due to the use of high currents, temperatures and flammable gasses. Arc/Mig/Tig Welding - During these welding types high currents are being used so it is important to isolate the process from anything that may catch fire or cause the operator any electrical shock (oil, water, rags etc). High intensities of visible and UV light are emitted so it is mandatory that the operator uses a welding mask that protects the user from harmful rays and spatter. It is also important that the skin of the user is fully covered since the UV rays damage the skin and can lead to skin cancer. Gas Welding & Brazing - The safety precautions in welding with gas include: a number of one-way safety valves fitted to regulators to prevent gasses which might cause the cylinders to explode from re-entering the pipes. The pipes are colour coded to prevent any confusion between the oxygen (blue) and acetylene (red) pipes.
Different methods of collecting data to investigate the chemistry of the stratosphere
Chemistry coursework practice Open book paper Different methods of collecting data to investigate the chemistry of the stratosphere The troposphere extends from 12km - 50km above the Earth's surface. Ozone is present from 15km - 35km. Many different techniques are used to investigate the stratosphere. Monitoring Measurements can be taken using the helium balloons. A 10 miles long cord is used to attach the balloon and the measuring device which can be reeled in and out to take measurements at different altitudes. Spectroscopic measurements can also be taken from the ground stations by looking upwards through the vertical column of the air. Laboratory measurements We need to know which species absorb solar radiation, the wavelength of the radiation absorbed and the strength of the radiation. It is also important to know which products are formed as a result of which reaction and the rate of the reaction, using the flash photolysis technique. In this, an intense laser flash starts the reaction and the composition is measured spectroscopically using a carefully times second flash. Meteorology It is essential to know about the conditions in the stratosphere and the how the gases mix up. Distances are vast in the stratosphere and the mixing between the vertical layers is slow, whereas air circulating around latitude lines, help gasses to mix within a layer. The
Describe the processes responsible for ice movements. (20)Explain what factors influence the rate of glacier ice movement. (25)
describe the processes responsible for ice movements. (20) Explain what factors influence the rate of glacier ice movement. (25) A. Describe the processes responsible for ice movements. (20) There are three main processes which are responsible for ice movements, these are; Internal deformation, basal sliding and subglacial bed deformation. Basal sliding this is the process by which a warm based glacier undergoes thawing at its base. This is due to the melting point of the ice being lowered by increased pressure and friction caused by the ice. This in turn causes the accumulation of a thin film of water along the subglacial base. A part of basal sliding is ice creep, Ice creep is where the ice flows around or over obstacles on the bed. The subglacial surface is often rough and full of obstacles such as areas of resistant rock. When a glacier meets an obstacle on the bed it does not often flow straight over or around the obstacle, there is a slight pause before the ice negotiates the obstacle. The reason for the pause is because the obstacle protruding into the base of the ice mass causes an increase in pressure within the ice on the upstream face of the obstacle. thus increasing the rate of ice deformation around the obstacle, allowing the ice mass to smoothly pass over or around the object. (which can form a roche moutonee) Another process that controls the flow of a
Using Volatile Liquids with Set Conditions to Find Molar Mass of an Unknown
Using Volatile Liquids with Set Conditions to Find Molar Mass of an Unknown Erin Lab Performed: October 14th, 2008 Section 006 T.A: Teresa Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to find the molar mass of the unknown substance and compare it to the universal molar masses of different alcohols. This process can be done using the ideal gas law which is pressure and volume is proportionate to number of moles, the universal gas constant and temperature (Department of Chemistry, 2008). Jean Baptiste Dumas, a French chemist whom began his career as a pharmacist and later greatly contributed to modern science. His most well known and accredited work is studying vapour densities of elements which in turn is used to discover their molar masses. However, the scientist did not directly develop the Dumas method because of the nonexistence of the mole at that time. The Dumas method uses the formula M=mRT/PV,M for molar mass, m for mass, R for the universal gas constant, T for temperature, P for atmospheric pressure and V for volume (Sloane, Thomas O'Conor, 1909). Molar mass is the mass of one mole of a substance. The number of moles of a substance is the number of atoms in that element compared to the number of atoms of a carbon-12 molecule. For this experiment we used the ideal gas law. The ideal gas law is all collisions between molecules are free of intermolecular
The purpose of this experiment was to find the normal force and the lift curve slope by measuring the static pressure distribution around a symmetrical aerofoil.The experiment involved studying the distribution of pressure for different angles of attack
Title Pressure Distribution Around A Symmetrical Aerofoil Introduction The purpose of this experiment was to find the normal force and the lift curve slope by measuring the static pressure distribution around a symmetrical aerofoil. The experiment involved studying the distribution of pressure for different angles of attack. There were five different angles of attack in the experiment - -4, 1,6,11 and 16 degrees. To discuss about the experiment it is needed to understand some phrases. And they are as follows: a) Aerofoil b) Lift c) Angle of Attack d) Lift Coefficient e) Drag f) Stagnation point Aerofoil An aerofoil or airfoil section is a two-dimensional object, the shape of the cross-section of the wing, with the function of producing a controllable aerodynamic force by its motion through the atmosphere. To be useful this aerodynamic force must have a lifting component which is much greater than the drag component. In a powered aircraft the motion through the air is provided by the thrust so, in effect, the aerofoil is a device that converts thrust into lift. Normally the aerofoil is incorporated into a wing with upper and lower surfaces enclosing the load bearing structure. The aerofoil diagrams are in figure 2 and 3. Lift When the aircraft is cruising in straight and level flight, at low altitudes, the wings are set at a small angle, 2 to 5 degrees, to the
To identify an unknown compound that has one oxygen atom per molecule, To establish the functional group of the compound, to prepare a derivative and find its melting point, and finally to determine the boiling pont of the original compound.
Identification of an organic compound Aim: To identify an unknown compound that has one oxygen atom per molecule, To establish the functional group of the compound, to prepare a derivative and find its melting point, and finally to determine the boiling pont of the original compound. Plan Establishing the functional group of the compound: To firstly determine the functional group I will carry out Diagnostic tests for functional groups, The test and positive observed reaction is shown below: Functional groupTestPositive resultCarbonylCollect some 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (Brady's reagent) in a dry tube and add a very small amount of the compound and shake.A yellow or orange precipitate forms slowlyAldehydeCollect some silver nitrate solution. Add 2 drops of sodium hydroxide solution, then aqueous ammonia until the mixture is almost colorless. Now add a very small amount to the substance.A grey/black precipitate or silver mirror will be formedKetoneTake some iodine in potassium iodide solution; add sodium hydroxide until it is pale yellow. Add a few drops of compound and shake.A yellow precipitate (iodoform) slowly forms.Primary/secondary alcoholsAdd a small amount of Phosphorus Pentachloride to the compound in a fume cupboard.Steamy fumes of HCl gas are observed, these can be tested with damp litmus paper to confirm acidic gas. After testing
Describe and explain the atmospheric processes responsible for the tropical monsoon climate and assess the extent to which human activity is influenced by this climate.
Describe and explain the atmospheric processes responsible for the tropical monsoon climate and assess the extent to which human activity is influenced by this climate. Monsoons are cyclical wave-like air masses that occur in the sub-tropics, moving onto land from the sea during the summer and returning over water in winter. The word monsoon comes from the Arabic mausim, meaning "season," because these storms return year after year. The monsoon climate is found along the coastal regions of southwest India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Mynamar, Southwestern Africa, French Guiana, northeast and southeastern Brazil. Monsoon zones exist all around the world, but they all have two seasons, wet and dry, caused by winds, which blow in opposite directions. In some monsoon regions, such as those in China and Japan there can be rainfall all year round, although most of it will still fall in the wet, summer season. All monsoons share three basic physical mechanisms: differential heating between the land and oceans (adiabatic heating); Coriolis forces due to the rotation of the Earth; and the role of water which stores and releases energy as it changes from liquid to vapour and back (latent heat). The combined effect of these three mechanisms produces the monsoon's characteristic reversals of high winds and precipitation. One of the most important variable is the timing of the beginning
Temperature, Amylase and Starch.
Temperature, Amylase and Starch Introduction Enzymes are the catalysts of chemical reactions taking place in living organisms. Each Enzyme is a protein that catalysts a particular reaction. Enzymes break down bigger molecules into smaller ones. Enzymes work best at temperatures like body temperature (37?C). They also work best within a small PH range, which is different for each enzyme. Amylase occurs widely in plants and animals. In human it is found in the Salvia and in pancreatic juice. Like most enzymes temperatures above 60?C denature amylase. Amylase helps to break up starch by the following: Starch ? Amylase ?Glucose Enzymes like amylase break starch in the following way: - Enzymes have a special shape called the active site into which the molecule can fit. If you increase the temperature the active site changes. So at a certain point the starch will not fit into the active site. We say that the enzyme has been denatured. From research we know the following will happen. 40?C As we increase the temperature the rate of reaction will increase intil a certain point which is around 40?C where the amylase becomes damaged and becomes denatured Prediction From my research I predict that as the heat increases the iodine solution will turn black less because of sugar being produced and the reaction happening quicker with more heat but after a bit above body
How a standard Television works and what understanding of Physics was needed to develop it.
00 years ago it was merely a scientists dream. 70 years ago people such as Zworkyn and John Logie Baird proved the basics possible. 50 years ago owned only by the wealthy, they began to change the world. Today almost every household in Europe has at least one, they are used for entertainment, information and education. This report aims to describe how a standard Television works and what understanding of Physics was needed to develop it. (1) Background Unlike modern Television sets the earliest were almost completely mechanical. The dream that was Television was a machine that could reproduce captured images using light, unlike photographs and film Television would store pictures electronically. The original mechanical Televisions could achieve this but were not alike Televisions based on the Cathode Ray tube (see next page). It is not surprising that the inventor of Television is greatly debated, there are claims of it being a Scotsman, a Russian and the Japanese. It is also a matter of opinion, a Russian called Zworkyn is accredited as inventing the first electrical Television, whilst John Logie Baird is accredited as the inventor of the first commercially possible mechanical Television. It also seems to depend on National opinion. One American Physicist and Historian explained how American companies invented the Television with "People from foreign countries contributed
Social Movements, Law, and Society - The Institutionalization of the Environmental Movement.
Social Movements, Law, and Society: The Institutionalization of the Environmental Movement Cary Coglianese Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government 79 John F. Kennedy Street Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138 [email protected] Copyright (c) 2001 by Cary Coglianese. All rights reserved. Forthcoming in the University of Pennsylvania Law Review. Social Movements, Law, and Society: The Institutionalization of the Environmental Movement Cary Coglianese* Social change lies at the heart of the definition of a social movement. A social movement is a broad set of sustained organizational efforts to change the structure of society or the distribution of society's resources.1 Within social movements, law reformers typically view law as a resource or strategy to achieve desired social change.2 Since social change is the purpose of a social movement, law reform generally is taken to provide a means of realizing that goal.3 According to this conventional view, social movements, law reform, and society interact in a simple, unidirectional fashion. Social movement organizations seek to secure law reform; in turn, changes in the law bring about changes in society. While this conventional conception dominates much research and can be helpful for the purpose of analyzing the direct effects of social movement law reform,4 it misses several important
