Manipulating the Personal Journeys of Identity: Westernization and the Ottoman and Republican understandings of gender in Turkey.
MANIPULATING THE PERSONAL JOURNEYS OF IDENTITY: WESTERNIZATION AND THE OTTOMAN AND REPUBLICAN UNDERSTANDINGS OF GENDER IN TURKEY A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Communication, Culture, and Technology By Deniz Oktem, B.A. Washington, DC April 19, 2002 iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction.........................................................................1 Chapter I...........................................................................18 Chapter II..........................................................................27 Chapter III.........................................................................46 Chapter IV.........................................................................83 Chapter V........................................................................110 Conclusion.......................................................................132 Works Cited.....................................................................148 Introduction Western-oriented modernism has greatly affected the formation of individual identities and gender relations around the world. This paper will focus on the construction of identity, gender and gender relations within the discourse of Westernization
Culture and negotiation
TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 2 2 CULTURE AND NEGOTIATION 2 2.1 DEFINITION OF CULTURE 2 2.2 COMMUNICATION 2 2.3 NEGOTIATION PROCESS 2 3 BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS IN INTERNATIONAL SETTINGS 2 3.1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS 2 3.2 CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS THAT INFLUENCE BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS 2 3.3 COMMUNICATION IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS NEGOTIATIONS 2 4 FINNISH-AMERICAN NEGOTIATION 2 4.1 HOFSTEDE´S FOUR-DIMENSIONAL MODEL 2 4.1.1 Power distance 2 4.1.2 Individualism vs. collectivism 2 4.1.3 Masculinity vs. femininity 2 4.1.4 Uncertainty avoidance (UAI) 2 4.2 COMMUNICATION STYLES IN THE USA AND FINLAND 2 5 SUMMARY 2 REFERENCES 2 APPENDICES 2 APPENDIX 1 SCORES OF HOFSTEDE´S RESEARCH 2 INTRODUCTION Negotiation is a very common phenomenon. It is a process that takes place in everyday life when two or more people have conflicting interests and they want to reach a common solution that benefits them both. In business life, it is widely used to form business relations in order to offer both parties some benefits. Face-to-face negotiations are crucial aspects of all inter-organisational relationships. They take place for example when agreeing on joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions, licensing and distribution agreements, and sales of products and services. (Adler - Graham 1989, 512-515.) The amount of foreign trade is increasing heavily and everyday more
Doing business in China - the art of war?
Doing business in China - the art of war? Chee Keen Pang, Diane Roberts, John Sutton The Authors Chee Keen Pang, University of Central Lancashire, UK Diane Roberts, University of Central Lancashire, UK John Sutton, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China Abstract Examines Chinese attitudes towards the introduction and implementation of an international corporate culture into their working environment. Refers to Sun Tzu's military classic The Art of War and suggests his philosophy can be applied to business in China, and that the Western world should begin understanding this philosophy and the oriental mindset. Presents results of a study of Chinese employees at a Beijing, China hotel to determine attitudinal and behavioural patterns, and finds that the concept of corporate culture currently meets with strong resistance from many Chinese people who believe foreign ideals and concepts are not to be trusted. Article type: Theoretical with Application in Practice. Keywords: China, Corporate Culture, Culture, Employees, Hotels, National Cultures. Content Indicators: Research Implications** Practice Implications*** Originality** Readability** International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management Volume 10 Number 7 1998 pp. 272-282 Copyright (c) MCB University Press ISSN 0959-6119 Introduction In an era where consumers are more demanding,
Modernity in India and Tendencies of Assimilative Appropriation
????? ???? ???????? ???????? ????? Modernity in India and Tendencies of Assimilative Appropriation* "There is nothing past for which one may yearn, there is only an eternal newness which is shaped by the wider elements of the past and true nostalgia has always to be productive to create a new excellence." J. W. von Goethe Every culture expresses unique feature of its own that constitutes its dominant configuration and differentiates it from other civilizations and cultures. Indian civilization is distinguished from other civilizations of the world in respect of its continuity (sanatanata), heterogeneity and its assimilating ethos along with its divinity-oriented integral character. Unique phase of the socio-cultural transformation and assimilation in Indian society and thought during the so-called period of modernity generated either from the endogenous sources or through the contacts with the external factors. Becoming increasingly conscious and to act in the light of that consciousness or awareness, make person or a society modern.1 The concept of modernity has got many implications. Besides analyzing those implications in this article we will also discuss whether that overwhelming storm of modernism has affected the essence or spirit of Indian culture as such or not or up to what extent. More over it is to be taken into account as how the modes of assimilation,
This Research paper will present an overview of traditional Chinese marriage system and customs from the Engagement to the Wedding Day, also including various forms of marriages in ancient times.
TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE CUSTOMS IN CHINA Eva-Maria Proft Sinological Research Project June 1, 2011 Introduction Marriage is and has always been one of the most affecting things in human life. All over the world wedding customs come in a wide variety and embodies different living environments and cultural traditions through which we can get a good understanding of the different living styles in different times and places. This Research paper will present an overview of traditional Chinese marriage system and customs from the Engagement to the Wedding Day, also including various forms of marriages in ancient times. The topic of Traditional Chinese Marriage Customs was chosen, because I personally went through the preparations and the celebration of a Chinese wedding in China myself, hence I want to show the difference of what people in Europe know and how the Western World had an influence on the traditional customs. The systemization of pre-existing elements of traditional Chinese wedding ceremonies is credited the scholars of the Warring States period (402 - 221 BC). Three texts, The Book of Rites, The Book of Etiquette and Ceremonial, and the Baihu Tong, describe Three Covenants and Six Rites, which were considered necessary elements of a marriage. However, the full ritual was so complicated that the custom underwent changes and simplifications. What remained constant
Celebrity(ce-leb-ri-ty): 1.A famous person. 2.Renown;fame.
Introduction Celebrity(ce-leb-ri-ty): 1.A famous person. 2.Renown;fame To be honest, the best way to research this type of topic in motion is to ride the London Underground subway for a full day. That is when you see everyday people in their natural state. Patient, board, either excited or let down by where their journey is taking them. Still, they bring along an outlet to ease their mood and their anxiousness brought by travel. This is the same outlet we use in all our travel, our time spent waiting, and our obsession that brings us out of the dark and into the lives of the people in the light that we worship just by paying attention. This outlet is Celebrity. Coming from America to England I am totally out of my natural being. Still, my misplacement grants me the gift that allows me to notice things about this culture as well as my own that normal citizens of the United Kingdom don't notice out of pure repetition and habit. How they live, what they do, who they choose as their celebrities, and why. Today, the western obsession with celebrity is not purely by human nature but it is a situation created by the entertainment industry for profit. This industry have essentially turned the lives of people all around the industry from pop singers to Cricket players into a spin-off entertainment product through manipulation techniques, history, and psychology. What movies are to
The West: Unique, not universal
The West: Unique, not universal Foreign Affairs; New York; Nov/Dec 1996; Huntington, Samuel P; Volume: 75 Issue: 6 Start Page: 28-46 Abstract: Many in the West believe the world is moving toward a single, global culture that is basically Western. This belief is arrogant, false, and dangerous. The spread of Western consumer goods is not the spread of Western culture. Drinking Coca-Cola makes a Russian no more Western than eating sushi makes an US citizen Japanese. As countries modernize, they may westernize in superficial ways, but not in the most important measures of culture - language, religion, values. In fact, as countries modernize, they seek refuge from the modern world in their traditional, parochial cultures and religions. Around the globe, education and democracy are leading to indigenization. As the power of the West ebbs, the rest will become more and more assertive. For the West to survive as a vibrant and powerful civilization, it must abandon the pretense of universality and close ranks. Its future depends on its unity. The people of the West must hang together, or they will hang separately. MODERNITY IS NOT ENOUGH IN RECENT years Westerners have reassured themselves and irritated others by expounding the notion that the culture of the West is and ought to be the culture of the world. This conceit takes two forms. One is the Coca-colonization
Is Popular Culture an Influence on Violent Behaviour?
Anoop Joshi Advanced Higher Modern Studies Dissertation Lasswade High School Centre Centre Number: 5546532 Candidate Number: 991086072 Is Popular Culture an Influence on Violent Behaviour? Contents Aims of Dissertation page 2 Introduction page 3 A Brief History of Popular Culture page 6 Chapter 1 Popular Culture is an Influence on Violent Behaviour page 7 Experimental Studies into Popular Culture and Violent Behaviour page9 Columbine - A Product of Popular Culture? page 11 Violence in Films and Television page 14 Violence in Music page 17 Experimentation into Music page 19 Studies in Music and Violent Behaviour page 20 Bill Muhlenburg page 22 Long Term Effects of Popular Culture page 24 Chapter 2 Popular Culture Does Not Influence Violent Behaviour page 27 Censorship page 27 Research on Sexually Violent Material page 30 The Music Industry page 31 Theories Which Defeat the Link between Popular Culture and Violence page 33 What Types of People are influenced by Popular Culture? page 35 The Hypodermic Syringe Effect page 37 Uses and Gratifications page 41 Conclusion page 43 Bibliography page 45 Appendix A page 46 Appendix B page 47 Appendix C page 49 Appendix D page 52 Appendix E page 57 Aims of this Dissertation * Is violence a product of popular culture? See pages 10, 13, 16, 19 and 23 * Is there a relationship between violence and
Cultural diversity policy is one of the few things that unites British cultural institutions today
Cultural diversity policy is one of the few things that unites British cultural institutions today. Every museum and gallery, large and small, has made cultural diversity into a key part of its mission. Funding and policy bodies trumpet this new agenda. The Arts Council's Cultural Diversity Action Plan reads: 'There can no longer be any question that responding to cultural diversity is a mainstream and not a marginal issue.' (1) Cultural diversity policy affects institutions' employment, training and promotion strategies; the subject and style of exhibitions; press and PR; opening hours; even the layout of buildings. The Victoria and Albert Museum's South East Asian arts officer, Hajra Shaikh, argues that: '[Cultural] representation must be examined in all its nuances. It is not simply about collections relevant to ethnic minorities, but it is also about the sensitive and appropriate display and interpretation of those collections, it is about inclusive and targeted education programming relating to collections, and it is about a diverse workforce that reflects the ethnic makeup of our society.' (2) The shift towards this new policy has occurred over the past four or five years. Some argue that this shows that a white cultural profession is at last responding to the reality of Britain's multicultural society, revising prejudiced assumptions about the kinds of artists and art
First They Killed My Father - account of the Khmer Rouge 'killing fields' in Cambodia.
First They Killed My Father * Introduction First person account of Khmer Rouge unprecedented reign that turned Cambodia upside down, culturally, politically, economically and emotionally. Unique account of a child surviving the 'killing fields' period and gives her naïve perspective. Initially worrying whether her skirt is too short, emerges at the end of the book as a mature, independent women capable beyond her years. It is a chronology of survival, a testament of endurance and a tribute to the Khmer Rouge children. Loungs childhood eyes shows how Khmer Rouge evacuated cities when they came to power and forced entire populations to live out their Agrarian ideology. The events in the text illustrate the impact of the regimes practices and policies on the individual and the society. Her principle was to document the lengths she and her family went in order to survive, to provide a memorial to her lost relatives and an indictment of the murderous Pol Pot regime by exposing the hypocrisy of it's ideological claims. Khmer Rouge period is not generally regarded as war but a regime so repressive that virtually no-one could oppose it with arms. * Ung family in trouble Ung family epitomises everything the Khmer Rouge seek to destroy. Pa is a member of the Lon Nol army and speak French, Ma is Chinese and they are educated middle class and they are Urban. Conscripted as a major