What was Nyerere's theory of 'ujamaa socialism' and why was it not successfully translated into practical policy in Tanzania?
What was Nyerere's theory of 'ujamaa socialism' and why was it not successfully translated into practical policy in Tanzania? In 1964 the United Republic of Tanzania was formed from the coming together of mainland Tanganyika and the ocean islands of Zanzibar. The first president of this new republic was one Julius K. Nyerere. Nyerere is now considered in Africa to be one of the "most respected, dignified, authentic and inspiring leaders"1 of African history. Yet his form of African socialism known as ujamaa was considered some what of a failure. In this investigation I intend to look at what made up ujamaa socialism, how it differed from other forms of in Europe, why it was considered to be the way forward for the new republic of Tanzania and finally why it failed to work in Tanzania even though it's ideological leader is now considered a fore thinker for attempting its introduction. The forming of the New Republic of Tanzania bought with it problems that many countries in Africa were faced with after de-colonisation. The Tanzanian government pursued a brand of nationalism that had to encompass the fact that within the country there were "over 120 ethnic groups and racial divisions among Tanzania's people"2 alongside this issue there were also religious divisions within the country with a number of religions being openly practiced. This meant that the
What are the major features of advanced liberal modes of rule?
What are the major features of advanced liberal modes of rule? Advanced Liberalism is an all-encompassing rationale for government, which combines the various rationalities, technologies and agencies that are the cornerstone of governing modern liberal societies. Advanced liberalism combines historically specific neo-liberal rationales for government, to form a new rationale which is marked by firstly, it's reliance on the idea of financial accountability, market dominance, and economic logic, as central in the relationship between the state and the use of expertise. Expertise is seen as crucial in increasing the agency of citizens, and accountability of the state. Secondly, Advanced Liberalism fosters the concept of freedom as that of the individual, as self reliant, and self-determining, and responsible for his or her welfare. The citizen is seen as a 'free agent', as a consumer in this accountable state. The paternalistic state of the past, changes, under Advanced Liberalism to an 'enabling state'; one which will allow the individual to achieve their economic potential, and subsequently, their freedom. Finally, it is under this idea of the enabling state, and the autonomous individual, that old conceptions of society falter. Instead of seeing society as a group of individuals joined together by some collective sense of community, participating in group activity for the
Cold War
Name : Saw Hsar Lwe Program : OUHK - Cetana (Myanmar) Course : SS201 Student No : 10399429 Assignment : TMA 05 Date : 15th, 9, 2010 When it comes to observing political history, the Cold War and post-Cold War seem to be worthwhile to give a try. Cold War is not a war. It is an ideological conflict between Communist and non-Communist countries. It means that one side uses every means, to defame or to weaken the other side but without directly fighting a war. Thus, in terms of this essay, I will firstly approach the passing of the Cold War, and move on to nine models that seem to be constructive in explaining the functioning of the post-Cold War. Finally, by dint of my own model I will give attempt to draw the picture of the post-Cold War era. The cold war started after World War II (1939-45) when the Allies (United States, Britain, France, and the Soviet Union) disagreed over how to govern occupied Germany. Soon after the Second World War both the United States and the Soviet Union became "super powers." The term "super powers" referred to the U.S. and the Soviet which both possessed military might and economic resources superior or equal to the combined strength of any group of countries of the rest of the world (Suter, 2003). Thus, they were called super powers. Countries such as Britain, France, China, Japan, and Germany were not regarded as super powers. The
The Rise of the African National Congress
The Rise of the African National Congress Over the last 80 years the African National Congress has brought together millions of people in the struggle for liberation in South Africa. As a unified force the ANC has fought for the rights to their native lands, against low wages and for the right to vote for a government of choice. Certainly the African National Congress has payed a pivotal role in the just development of a fair governemnt state in South Africa society. In order to fully examine the impact that the ANC has had on life in South Africa, one must first gain an understanding of what the society was like prior to it's creation. Likewise, it is of importance to understand the policies and laws drafted by the National Party so that the consequences of the apartheid policy can be seen. Furthermore, it is necessary to study the early how and why the ANC was formed so that the goals and directives of the government body become evident. Before apartheid became the official policy, South Africa had a long history of racial segregation and white supremacy. After British control of the Cape Colony was established in 1806 there began the oppression of ever-increasing numbers of indigenous peoples8.1. For the remained of the ninteenth century, wars of dipossession were waged amongst the many kingdoms of South Africa. The Xhosa, Tswana, Pedi, Sotho, Venda and Zulu
Why, for Hobbes, must every man 'endeavour to Peace', and why might it be difficult to do so?
Why, for Hobbes, must every man 'endeavour to Peace', and why might it be difficult to do so? For centuries political philosophers such as Thomas Hobbes, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Locke, just to name a few, have been trying to find the best answer to the following question: 'How would it be to live in the state of nature?' The first of the aforementioned men tries to do so in one of his famous works, Leviathan. In this book he follows the topic of civil wars, its evils and anarchy which would accompany them (Wolff 2006, p. 8). He lists nineteen Laws of Nature, which if obeyed would bring people peace. The first three Laws are considered to be the most fundamental of them (Dyzenhaus 2001, p. 469). In the first Law of Nature Hobbes writes: 'every man ought to endeavour peace, as far as he has hope of obtaining it' (Hobbes 1996, p. 87). In my essay I am going to try to explain why Hobbes argues that every man should seek peace. I will also try to show why it may not be easy to do so. Besides, I will present my critique of Hobbes' arguments and why I partially disagree with him. First of all, in order to answer the first part of the essay question, we should know what Hobbes' definition of peace is. However, it will be easier to explain how he defines 'war' first. According to Hobbes, during the war every man is against each other, all humans are enemies. However, the war
Because of the demise of traditional society, conservatism as a political ideology is irrelevant to contemporary politics. Discuss.
"Because of the demise of traditional society, conservatism as a political ideology is irrelevant to contemporary politics." Discuss. The demise of traditional society has certain implications in relation to politics and conservatism as a political ideology. It implies that there has been a shift in traditional values, both in society and concerning the way in which politics is conducted in terms of what approach is taken based on ones political persuasion. Individualism has become prominent in our society and the promotion of one's own advancement is paramount in a modern democratic state. This has proven to produce difficulties for the traditional conservatives in promoting core beliefs such as an emphasis on inevitable inequality and hierarchical preferences. It is therefore imperative to determine how society has changed; in order to establish levels of compatibility conservatism has with this contemporary society. It may be that conservatism has the ability to adapt and change to suit the more contemporary political environment. It could also be the case that conservatism is not the only ideology under threat due to the fragmentation of society and the increase in pressure politics. Therefore, the definition and implications of contemporary politics needs to be analysed to gain an insight into this matter. Another important point to consider when answering this question
Is there a conflict between Mill's principle of liberty and his utilitarianism? If so can it be resolved?
Is there a conflict between Mill's principle of liberty and his utilitarianism? If so can it be resolved? By Jaspal Juj. Utilitarianism began life as an ethical principle under Jeremy Bentham who theorised that an action if right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people. In its original form the argument had many flaws so John Stuart Mill decided to defend the principle of Utility against it's critics by refining it's ideas making them more practical in society. The liberty principle is concerned with question of 'the nature and limits of the power which can be legitimately exercised by society over the individual'.1 John Stuart Mills argues that we should reserve considerable powers to individual. The intention of the essay is to analyse and comment on whether there is or there is not conflict between John Stuart Mill's principle of liberty and utilitarianism. The remainder of the essay will concentrate on whether or not any conflict can be resolved. Mill is often considered to be somewhat of a champion of liberty based on the liberty principle, or as it is sometimes referred to, the harm principle. Mill establishes this liberty principle in his work "On Liberty". The principle states that, "The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilised community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.
Nationalism is... essentially sub-human and primitive in character, a deformity which no rational or civilised person would have anything to do . Discuss.
'Nationalism is... essentially sub-human and primitive in character, a deformity which no rational or civilised person would have anything to do" (Miller p. 5) Great controversy surrounds the subject of nationalism. Nationalism has for over two hundred years helped to shape and re-shape history in all parts of the world, but have also many times been the grounds of conflict, revolution and genocide. For some, the ideology can be seen as an irrational and reactionary creed that allows politicians to pursue war in the name of the nation. Paradoxically, it can also be a progressive and liberating force, offering the prospect of national unity or independence (Heywood 2007 pp. 115). The term nationalism has its origin in the French Revolution where it was first used to denote the energy and power of the everyday people that was used to overthrow the monarchy. This essay will look at different examples of nationalism, through both theory and evidence, in order to investigate whether nationalism is deemed to be primitive or civilised, thus considering the statement in Miller's work. According to Oxford English dictionary, nationalism can be defined as a patriotic feeling, often to an excessive degree or an advocacy of political independence for a particular country. It has been contested whether nationalism is an ideology, doctrine or movement (White 2008). The ideology is based
Freedom of speech on the internet
Daphne Holtmaat - 10087533 The preservation of freedom of expression The right to expression yourself is a primary human right. The possibility to give your opinion about every thinkable topic, freely without any fear of the consequences. There are many rules to preserve the freedom of expression from the media. With the emergences of the internet an new technology has arisen. A new way of communication and a new way to access all kind of sources all over the world. The internet is an open network with a very unique character. But the great power of the internet is at the same time the greatest weakness. The fact that is an open medium means that it can endanger the freedom of expression. In addition to that, there is a large number of people around the world who don't have access to the internet. It is a challenge for the modern state to find a perfect balance between regulation and the preservation of a primary human right. Nowadays many of us consider freedom of expression as a natural freedom, although it was not always considered a natural right. In 1948 the right of freedom of expression was recognized by article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: 'Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and
Is the role of the Far Right in influencing immigration policy-making in Europe exaggerated?
Is the role of the Far Right in influencing immigration policy-making in Europe exaggerated? As a consequence of World War II the Far Right, and fear of, has never been far from the psyche and politics of the West. German National Socialism and Italian National Fascism are the most infamous examples of Far Right ideology and as such have left a legacy of what it means to be Far Right, to the point that any right-wing policy maker runs the risk of being called a Nazi or Fascist. These were by no means self-contained philosophies and were merely the greatest developments of the zeitgeist, and World War II served as something of a watershed for Europe. With the demise of Hitler and Mussolini, the Far Right was no longer something to be openly supported or even tolerated. There is no guideline for what it is to be Far Right, but the term is most often used to describe persons or organisations with populist, xenophobic or racist ideology. The term, thus, is often used interchangeably with neo-Nazi or ultranationalist and has been used to identify groups as unfamiliar with one another as the aggressively racist Ku Klux Klan of USA to the genocidal regime of Slobodan Milosevic. The ideology of such organisations are jingoistic and boast of a proud national history and identity, being tainted. The policies of such organisations are invariably anti-immigration or anti-integration
