Continental Glaciation
Continental Glaciation Drumlin - A smooth, oval, low hill or mound of sand and gravel - Steep side facing glacier - smooth end facing in direction of glacial movement Crag and Tail - A hill showing a precipitous face on one side and a long gentle slope or tail on the other - Hard rock protecting loose material, so it is not swept away by the ice Roche Moutonne - small mound of hard rock - w/ smooth striated (facing glacier) - due to abrasion and steeper and rougher downside (due to plucking) Esker - long continuous, steep sided ridge which is the raised river bed that flows underneath a glacier - created when discharges are low enough for fluvial deposition Kames - ridge or mound of poorly sorted water- laid materials (glacial sands and gravels) associated with formal continental ice fronts Kame Terrace - a terrace formed of sand + gravel deposits by a stream of melted water between a glacier and its trough - When the ice melts and the terrace is left above the rest of the valley floor Kettle Lakes - When a glacier retreats it leaves behind large chunks of ice which become embedded in the ground and are insulated - When they melt small ponds or lakes form Outwash Plain - are just in front of the glacial stout which is characterized by braded streams because the sediment supply is too great for the available steam and channel slope
To see how a river and its characteristics change with increasing distance downstream.
AIM To see how a river and its characteristics change with increasing distance downstream. OBJECTIVES . To see how mans influence effects the river. 2. To see if width, depth, velocity, bedload size, biological content and chemical content change downstream. HYPOTHESIS . Width should increase with increasing distance downstream. 2. Velocity should increase with increasing distance downstream. 3. Depth should increase with increasing distance downstream. THEORY An ideal river THE UPPER COURSE- In the upper course, the river is above its base level. This gives the river a lot of potential energy. The river is trying to cut down to its base level so mainly erodes in a downward direction. This helps to create the v-shaped river valleys in upland areas. THE MIDDLE COURSE- As the river flows downstream the gradient becomes less steep. Lateral erosion becomes more important than vertical erosion and the river starts to meander. Some of the rivers energy is also used to transport eroded material downstream. THE LOWER COURSE- The river is now nearing its mouth and deposition becomes the most mportant process encouraged by the large load carried by the river, any obstruction, any fall in the volume or any loss of velocity. The table below shows different features at the upper middle and lower courses of a river Upper course Middle course Lower course River
