Explain why the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks Split in 1903
History Essay Explain why the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks Split in 1903 The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks were two parts of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party or the Social Democrats. The Social Democrats had been formed in 1898. They did not split until their Second Congress in 1903 when there was a dispute over their political tactics. Not only did the two parties have different views about how the party should be run, but they also had disagreements over whether the country was ready for revolution or not. However, the split between the parties was as much to do with Lenin's personality rather than their conflicting ideologies. Lenin's opponents believed that behind his tactics was an extremely fierce determination for Lenin to become the dictator of the party. One of the main reasons for the Social Democrats splitting was over the way in which issues would be discussed. Lenin wanted the party to be run by a Central Committee. This committee would make all the decisions and they would exercise all the authority of the party. This is known as democratic centralism. Many critics of Lenin said that it would lead to a dictatorship being established and that could be dangerous to the country as well as to the party. However, his opponents, led by Plekhanov, believed that there should be open and democratic discussions inside the party. They believed that the
Strategy in Cortes' conquest of Mexico
Kurt Wintje HIST 386R Prof. Brown 11/27/07 Strategy in Cortés' Conquest of Mexico Informed primarily by Spanish accounts, the traditional historical view of Cortés' victory over the Aztec Empire is that of the inherently superior and better-armed Spanish defeating the numerically superior, but technologically and morally inferior Aztecs forces. Inga Clendinnen, for one, explains the Spanish conquest in cultural terms. According to Clendinnen, the Aztecs were defeated because their traditional societal view on the nature of warfare and its modes of termination made them incapable of defeating the Spanish forces led by the innovative and cunning Cortés.1 However, the recent availability of Aztec and other native accounts of the conquest call these interpretations into question. Concurrently, a new wave of contemporary Aztec scholars argue that the motivations for Aztec imperialism are complex and multifaceted, but political and economic concerns dominated, just like any other empire.234 Therefore, it is best to examine the Aztec Empire just as one would the Roman Empire, or any other imperial system. Viewed through this lens, it will be argued that Cortés' successful employment of military strategy and techniques were the critical determinant in the battle for the Aztec Empire. Other historical interpretations overlooked the role of strategy in the Aztec response to
To what extent was Philip II personally responsible for the problems he faced in the Netherlands in the 1560s?
To what extent was Philip II personally responsible for the problems he faced in the Netherlands in the 1560's? During the 1560's Philip faced many problems in the Netherlands ranging from anger at his bishoprics scheme to the Iconoclastic fury of 1566. The trade depression and bad winter of 1564/65 along with the pent up dissatisfaction from Charles V's reign cannot be blamed on Philip, however he must bear the greatest responsibility for the problems he faced in the Netherlands in the 1560's due mainly to his insistence on the implementation of Catholicism, and also due to his appointments and his continued absence from the Netherlands. The main reason why Philip must bear the greatest responsibility for the problems he faced in the Netherlands in the 1560's was his insistence on the implementation of Catholicism. The Netherlands was one of the early centres of humanism and the reformation and so Philip's introduction of the bishoprics scheme in 1561 which attempted to deploy more bishops to cover smaller in areas in order to reinforce Catholicism was unpopular with man different groups of people which Philip could have done with support from. It angered many of the merchant elites as it threatened the commercial success of the Netherlands as the apparent introduction of the Inquisition could scare off foreign traders who were seen as heretics, these foreign traders were
How important were the ideas of the Humanists in weakening the authority of the Church in the years before the Reformation?
How important were the ideas of the Humanists in weakening the authority of the Church in the years before the Reformation ? To answer this question we need to define certain key points and people. The Humanists in question are the Christian Humanists that were around in this time with people like Erasmus and Thomas More on the front line. The Christian Humanists believed in going back to old scriptures and texts to rediscover truths about Christianity. They believed that man could achieve enlightenment through the bible and not going through the Catholic Church to be with God. There were many followers of this movement including the educated, royalty, religious reformers and those who questioned the Catholic Church structure. The aims of these people were to educate people straight from the bible, challenge the vulgate and its inaccuracies, abolish the corruption of the Catholic Church and to promote simple piety that reflected medieval scholasticism. By the "Church" I am referring to the Roman Catholic Church. The Church had a tremendous amount of authority before the reformation in 1517 and had the power to influence a large percentage of the population and the Humanists did a great deal in 'weakening the authority' that the Church had and so were a big part of the Reformation. I believe that the Humanists played one of the biggest parts in weakening the authority
How the Inca adapted and strived in their environment
Bethany C Brown 12/10/07 Social Studies Mr. Sample How the Inca adapted and prospered in their environment Adapting to the environment is one of the biggest factors of a successful culture. A culture can adapt to the environment or can fail and disappear without a trace. One such culture that did not fail but adapted was the Inca. This great culture in South America had a very advanced agricultural system, a very big social and economical society, and a very good understanding of government. The Inca's were a thriving society over a wide variety of climates and types of land. The center of the Inca economy and society was agriculture. The geography of the Inca kingdom consisted of high mountains, desert, and even a vast rainforests. However, most of the population lived in the mountains. One challenge the Inca had to face living in the mountains was altitude. Thin air, steep mountains and freezing nights of the high reaching Andes was challenging. Another part of the kingdom was at a lower elevation which supplied land for farming. The Inca conquered these challenging environments by zoning three different areas for raising different crops and livestock. Zone 1 (below 5,000 ft) also called Yunga was for fruit trees which included avocado and limes. Zone 2 (between 5,000 - 10,000 ft) called Quechua is where the Inca grew food like corn, potatoes,
Modern-Day Slavery
Argumentative Paper on Modern-day Slavery Have you ever said, "Didn't slavery ended in 1865 with the American Civil War?" Well it's a yes and a no. Yes, slavery based on color did end but slavery still flourishes in the 21st century. Millions of men, women, and children are being held against their will as Modern-Day Slavery which needs to stop immediately or this world will soon again become a world of troublesome and madness. Modern-day slavery takes many forms like domestic servitude slavery, factory and farm slavery, and child soldier slavery. Modern- day Slavery is causing many peoples lives to be depressed and makes them become sick and weak. Many people have been forced and threatened into being slaves like Katya from Netherlands. She left a failed marriage and two-year child in Czech Republic when a so called friend of the family introduced to Czech trafficker who promised a waitress job in Netherlands. The trafficker drove Katya to Amersterdam where the trafficker took her to a brothel in Amersterdam red light district. "I will not work here," said Katya. "Yes you will!" The trafficker said. "You owe us thousands of euros." " No, I won't," said Katya." Yes, you will," said the trafficker, "if you want your two-year old back in the Czech republic to live." And so, Katya did. She worked seven days a week, was beaten, had to sleep on a stone floor, and had no
Short description of Epic of Gilgamesh
Epic of Gilgamesh One of the biggest parts of the story is Gilgamesh's battles. First is his battle with Enkidu, which happens because Gilgamesh had made a law that he would get to have intercourse with women on their wedding night, even before their husbands. Enkidu didn't agree with this so he stood in Gilgamesh's way. From the story I couldn't figure out who won, if anyone, since there are so many lines missing. But after the fight Gilgamesh and Enkidu became friends. The next battle was Enkido and Gilgamesh's battle with Humbaba. In this battle what I thought was interesting was how it tells that Humbaba begged Gilgamesh for his life and Enkidu just kept telling him to kill him anyway. Then Humbaba starts begging Enkidu to have Gilgamesh spare his life. But that was a no go, Enkidu pretty much told Gilgamesh to hurry up so the gods wouldn't show up and stop him. He also told Gilgamesh that if he killed Humbaba he would be infamous. Then the battle with the Bull of Heaven was next. This battle happened because Gilgamesh insulted the princess goddess Ishtar after she had made sexual advances toward him. He reminded her of two other mortal lovers she had had and the fate they recieved for loving her. The part I liked about this battle was at the end how Enkidu tore off the back leg of the bull and threw it at Ishtar and pretty much told her if he could hed kill her too.
Africans Americans gained legal civil rights between 1865 and 1870 through constitutional amendments and acts of Congress; however, in practice some of these rights did not materialise and by 1877 they were starting to lose what rights they had.To what ex
Africans Americans gained legal civil rights between 1865 and 1870 through constitutional amendments and acts of Congress; however, in practice some of these rights did not materialise and by 1877 they were starting to lose what rights they had. To what extent do you agree with the above hypothesis? The beginning of African American civil rights is the abolition of slavery in 1865 and the amendments to the American Constitution which, in theory, ensured equality to the African American race. In practice many of their promised freedoms failed to last or didn't event happen, especially in the southern states. Many blacks faced segregation, discrimination and violence. In 1865, all slaves were emancipated by the Thirteenth Amendment. African Americans could now travel freely, and go to the North where there was less racism. They could also worship in their own churches, own their own properties and marry; therefore families could stay together (before families would be split up). However, the Thirteenth Amendment was more de jure than de facto. Many blacks didn't have money as they weren't given jobs due to lack of skills and education. This also meant they couldn't travel as money was needed here too. They had no where to go. There was no real way of enforcing the law. The Fourteenth Amendment gave all freed blacks US citizenship and equal protection under the law. This
Assess the contribution the role of the Jesuits to the catholic revival of the sixteenth century
Assess the contribution the role of the Jesuits to the catholic revival of the sixteenth century Jesuits scarcely contributed to the revival of the Catholic Church, this is because the people they were converting were from indigenous groups whose first experience of organized religion would have been from the Jesuits, who as a result of this, dramatically expanded the Catholic Church, but this didn't revive the faith that had been lost. It would therefore seem that the Papacy's contribution was more effective in 'winning back the lost souls' than the Jesuits. This can be accredited to the work of the Council of Trent and the Inquisition. The papacy seem to have been more effective than the Jesuits in reviving the Catholic Church as they brought protestants back to the old faith, whereas the Jesuits started from scratch as their converts were not individuals lost to the Lutheranism, but newly religious. Pope Paul III had backed the Jesuits in 1537, sending them into the heart of Protestantism to 'win back lost souls'; England was gradually converting to Protestantism under Elizabeth I and so was naturally one of the first destinations, however all but one Jesuit was beheaded at the tower of London in 1580 after an unsuccessful mission. This shows the Jesuits failure to revive the faith of the people and win back these lost souls. They then turned to places like Africa,
The storming of the BAstille was the most significant event in 1789
"The storming of the Bastille was the most significant event in 1789." Use the picture to say if you agree/disagree. A print showing the women of Paris going to Versailles to bring Louis back to the city. The significance of the storming of the Bastille is a controversial subject, many say that this event was the beginning of the revolution, however it could be said that many other journees were just as significant. In this question I will explore each of these journees, and analyse their significance. The storming of the Bastille took place on the 14th July 1789, and is still recognised in France today as a significant event, by the celebration of 'Bastille day' on the 14th July every year. The Bastille was seen as an imposing permanent reminder of the power of the Ancien Regime. The storming was 'controlled' by the Paris mob, this was a random collection of members of the 3rd estate and by, 14th July they had persuaded 5 out of 6 battalions of Gardes-francais to desert and some even joined the Parisians. Officers were starting to contemplate whether they could trust their men. The king was informed by army commanders that he could not rely on the troops to crush any uprising in the crowd. The Parisians took their weapons from Les Invalides, an old soldier's retirement home, where they seized 28,000 muskets and 20 cannons. When arriving at the Bastille the crowd was
