The Search for independence, Macedonia

The Search for independence, Macedonia Abstract The title of the essay is "The Search for independence, Macedonia", the reason I decided to do this essay on this question is because I have lived and stydied in my society enough to know is it really independent or not. Back home I had the chance to talk to people and see their point of view on this matter, of course all of them are patriotic and say that "Macedonia is independend and it will stay independetn forever". But will it stay independent or not is not the argument. My argument is, is the country independent or are the people just deluding themselves. To explain that I stated the Historical bacground from the time of Alexander the Great,Otoman Empire,Balkan Wars, First and Second World War, Period of Yugoslavian Federation till the end of the Federation and the final gaining of independence for Macedonia. So after the whole process of struglle troughout the centuries from the time when it was a great empire and now when it is an insignificant part of the world did Macedonia sucseed to raise itself or did it fall in the darkness forever, long time ago? I am clearly stating in the conclusion that until the country overcomes all the obsticales sated in the essay it will not acheeve its full independence because there will be the other countries to give statements like the ones where they say that all the culture and

  • Word count: 5035
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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To what extent did the key political ideas directly Influence change and development in Your chosen period of study?

To what extent did the key political ideas directly Influence change and development in Your chosen period of study? Over the past 150 years a number of new political ideas have developed and been accepted as normal practice throughout the majority of European and international society, these come from all sectors on the political spectrum; ranging from extreme left to extreme right. Most of these have been manifested in one way or another since as far back as the middle ages, but it is only in very recent history that they have really ‘stolen the limelight’. These ideas are not only responsible for forming the contemporary societies we live in, but also along the way they have influenced some of the most principal and key events history cares to remember. These political ideas that have developed can be classified into two separate categories. The first category includes liberalism and nationalism, both of which are not confined to one country, these are broad ideals and can be found in many ideologies throughout the world we live in today. The second involves the more radical and extreme ideologies such as Fascism, Communism and Nazism. The main school of thought indicates that the first category contains the base ideals for the second categories more extreme politics. For example Nationalism is widely believed to be the basis for Fascism. History is created

  • Word count: 4869
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Critically Evaluate the Impact of Socialist Organisations and Ideas on the Early Labour Party.

Critically Evaluate the Impact of Socialist Organisations and Ideas on the Early Labour Party. Eighteenth century industrialisation created a new class of working people, dependent for survival on the wage they earned for their labour. The conditions they endured and toiled under were often of the harshest imaginable and because of this movements grew, from varying quarters, looking to better their lot. British politics, at the time, was dominated by two sets of people: the Tories, essentially landowners, and the Whigs, liberal industrialists who emphasised personal responsibility and individualism, bound up within a general concession towards human equality. The nineteenth century saw advances towards social change implemented by these parties (the reform acts of 1832 and 1867), but it became clear to some that they could not be relied upon to take things significantly forwards, mainly as it constituted a direct conflict of interests for them to do so. Early working class upheaval, and resentment, was voiced and organised through the chartist movement; and even before that by the influential utopian socialist Robert Owen. Indeed, Engels said of Owen: "Every social movement, every real advance in England on behalf of the workers links itself onto the name of Robert Owen."1 Chartism developed in the middle 1830's to address the shortfalls of the first reform act, which

  • Word count: 4816
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Analysis of Party Electoral Communications in the 1997 UK General Election.

Politics Government and Communication Assignment Analysis of Party Electoral Communications in the 1997 UK General Election Ian Wheeler - Tutorial Group 4 Part 1 - Core Concepts and Theories The subject matter in this topic draws very heavily on Public Relations and Communications theory and practice. The 1997 General Election was one that was fought very much on the "media battleground", and one of the campaigns that involves the fields of Public Relations and Mass Communication more than almost any other in British Political History. This, therefore, I feel is an excellent forum in which to discuss Politics and Communication Theory. Initial thoughts - Communication Theory The kind of communication theory that is involved in political campaigning is very persuasive in nature, and even though it has a reputation historically for being one-way in nature, we have seen recently, and especially within the case study, elements of two way communication models becoming more prevalent in party electoral communications. Looking at Grunig's models of Communication, historically, one could say that The Public Information Model has been most prevalent, with governments and political parties disseminating information in a very one-way nature, and while commitment to truth remains a large factor, use of practical "scare tactics" and almost wild assumption has been used in order

  • Word count: 4679
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Liberalism Notes

LIBERALISM INTRODUCTION * Mainstream western philosophy. Other philosophies define themselves in relation to liberalism. * Evolution over time, though constant stress on individual freedom. Intellectual antecedents are 16th century religious reformations, 17th century scientific revolution and 18th century Enlightenment. !8th/19th century industrialisation created new class interests with commitment to reform programme - so term 'liberalism' dates from early 19th century. * Liberalism a reaction to 19th century absolutist regimes - hence inextricably bound up with national self-determination. Movements for national freedom/unity associated with demands for civil/political rights and for constitutional checks on government. Contrast with Britain, where parliamentary sovereignty established in 17th century - hence liberal domestic programme focused on other objectives such as parliamentary reform, religious toleration and free trade. * 19th century continental liberalism primarily a political creed - and even in Britain the centrality of free markets to liberalism has been exaggerated. Victorian liberalism stood for political reform at home and support for constitutional/national movements abroad. Inspired more by religion (radical nonconformism) than by economics. Indeed from 19th century British liberalism repudiated laisser-faire and accepted need for state intervention

  • Word count: 4595
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Notes on John Stuart Mill's On Liberty

NOTEs on John Stuart Mill's On Liberty 1) Introduction: Mill's primary work on rights is On Liberty, which was published in England in 1859. John Stuart Mill was the student of his father James Mill and Jeremy Bentham, who raised him to defend the theory of Utilitarianism. John Stuart Mill was a child prodigy and a genius of historical magnitude. He began reading Greek at the age of three, and Latin at the age of eight - he went on to published important work in a wide range of philosophy, economics, and some of the earliest feminist theory. 2) Overview: a) Not a social contract theory: Mill's theory is not a social contract theory, and he has no hypothesis about the state of nature or natural rights. Rather, Mill states that his theory of rights is justified by his moral theory, utilitarianism. However, it is not necessary to understand utilitarianism in order to understand his theory of rights. Because of this, I will delay most discussion of the connection between the two theories until the end of this section. b) Basics of the theory: Mill's argues that a just state will provide a strong assurance of negative rights to all of its citizens, and will interfere as little as possible in the daily lives of its citizens. The argument begins with a recognition that there is a danger in a democratic government (one that was mentioned as an objection to Locke).

  • Word count: 4580
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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New Beginnings

Meggie Gerfen Political Science 215 Final Paper New Beginnings It is clear to everyone who has ever read an American History textbook that when the Founders wrote the legislation that would lead this country to its independence, they were doing something right. It was not completely accepted by the American people during the creation of the Constitution, so many publications were constructed to help provide the public with answers concerning their questions against the new government. One of the greatest benefits set down by James Madison within the Federalist Papers was the assurance of this new democracy against the violence of political factions. This threat of political factions can be seen all over the world, especially in countries with a history of political turmoil such as South Africa. But would it be feasible to attempt to apply the ideology behind political faction prevention of the American democracy to another country like South Africa that is in desperate need of change? Although a republic does already exist in South Africa, a new development of democratic legislation, through a process similar to a joint veto policy, needs to ensue to ensure that a tyranny of one political faction does not occur over another, as the Federalist Papers would indicate, and this must be done in a different fashion than of the United States because the political and social

  • Word count: 4574
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Assess critically Marx's distinction between ideology and science

Assess critically Marx's distinction between ideology and science In 1958 the Chinese government, with Mao Zedong's blessing, launched an unprecedented campaign of economic construction - the Great Leap Forward - to allow China's transition to Communism within the space of a few years. To realize the unrealisable economic plans, Mao resorted to the revolutionary spirit of Marxism-Leninism, combined with new insights of the Mao Zedong Thought. Inspired by these revolutionary ideas the Chinese people would make a great leap out of backwardness towards a brighter future. The Soviet economists criticized China's ambitious industrialization plan, but the Chinese politicians defied criticism and blamed the Soviets for the lack of revolutionary fervour. Neglect of economic realities took a heavy toll on China: in months, the country faced economic collapse and starvation. The ideology of Marxism proved insufficient to produce an economic miracle. But Marx himself would have turned in his grave had he known about Mao's use of his name as a banner for ultra-leftist policies that defied reality. For much of his own career Marx debated with philosophers of Mao's kind - those who sought to liberate Man by liberating his Conscience, those who thought that Conscience determines the Being. Whatever the ethical merit of these ideas, Marx found them utterly unscientific, without a basis in

  • Word count: 4542
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Breaking down the Walls: A Discourse of Ideology and "Otherness"

Eric Flowers EN 411 Dr. Robert Young 6 May 2005 Breaking down the Walls: A Discourse of Ideology and "Otherness" As a critic of not only Multi-Cultural Literature, but also U.S. social philosophies, I have been forced to come to terms with some very alarming truths concerning American society. That is, observing the United States with more of a critical eye as opposed to living as a detached citizen has allowed me to see that the American creed or assertion that it works solely for the freedom and justice of all people is wholly false. From their day of birth, citizens of the United States of America are lead to believe that their country is naturally honorable, compassionate, and caring. Furthermore, the U.S. too pushes itself as a warrior who always fights for "the greater good of all man kind." However, these are all ideas and claims that I find to be visibly and wholly false. I see the U.S. as an oppressor as opposed to a liberator. American citizens only believe that their country is better or more righteous because that is what they learn (or have drilled into their minds) from the first stages of education through graduation of grade school. This is evident in the simplest of routines for all children, the pledge of allegiance to the U.S. flag. Stated philosophically, America's peoples are interpolated. This interpolation allows those who are in power,

  • Word count: 4267
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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Compare and contrast Marx and Engels with Mill regarding social and economic progress

Philosophy Coursework Compare and contrast Marx and Engels with Mill regarding social and economic progress To understand what these two different philosophies tell us about the nature of social and economic progress it is important to clearly establish, for the purpose of this essay, a definition of the word progress. Many philosophers see progress as being a positive, continuous advancement into the future where, if we do not gain full scientific and empirical knowledge of our surroundings one day, then we will at least gain a deeper knowledge of our lives than we at present possess. If we can therefore have a fuller understanding of our surroundings there leaves the further question of whether we will ever reach a stage of progression where we can have complete knowledge of the more abstract concepts of man's social and moral 'perfectibility'. Marx, Engels and Mill attempt to demonstrate how this 'perfectibility' may be reached and/or will be reached with their contrasting (Marx and Engels vs Mill) views of social and economic progress. ((The most prominent similarity of these philosophers is the emphasis that they all put on freedom as being the ultimate goal of human progress.)) Marx and Engels believe that this 'perfectibility' would be reached through a material process. They reject the views of the young Hegelians. These new Hegelian followers re-interpreted Hegel's

  • Word count: 4261
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: Politics
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