Define different theoretical perspectives used in counselling. Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of different theoretical perspectives in health and social care
Developing Counselling Skills Define different theoretical perspectives used in counselling While people are doing counselling work there are different theoretical approaches that are used. These are the psychodynamic approach, the cognitive behavioural approach and the humanistic approach. Each of the three approaches are based on certain assumptions and beliefs about human nature and it focuses on explaining a part of human experience. The psychoanalytical approach began with Sigmund Freud and he had ideas about personality, abnormality and treatment and he came to view that people were driven by basic instincts, like aggression. "The psychodynamic or psychoanalytic model is based on the work of Freud. Freud was a major theorist, and probably the most widely known in psychology." (Cox, 2000) Freud was really interested in neurotic disorders and these conditions were characterised by excessive anxiety and in some cases by depression, fatigue, insomnia or paralysis. In counselling today the psychoanalytic approach is used for a number of therapies. Features of psychoanalytic psychotherapy which are used in counselling include; free association, dream analysis, analysis of par praxes, resistance, regression using hypnosis and transference and these are all used to study the unconscious mind. The psychodynamic approach believes it is the social, rather than the sexual
Compare and contrast two psychological approaches
Compare and contrast two psychological approaches The purpose of this assignment is to compare and contrast the following psychological approaches Behaviourism and Psychoanalysis, in doing this we will unpack the key points of these two approaches, highlighting the differences and explaining them. One of the main psychologists in recent history is John B. Watson (1878 - 1958). Watson was responsible for creating Behaviourism by developing on theories discovered by earlier psychologist Pavlov (1849 - 1936). This phenomenon had a profound effect on how psychology developed. The general assumptions of the Behaviourist approach show that it relies on the study of objective and observable behaviours and does not take into consideration any internal thoughts or feelings. Basically, behaviourism is the study of the relationship between a person's environment and their behaviour whilst ignoring the internal thoughts and feelings of the individual. The Psychodynamic approach is a stark contrast. This approach was developed by Freud (1856 - 1939) in the 1890s in Vienna and looks at the internal conflicts within a subject's unconscious mind to create theories on the subject's personality development. It also allows treatment for psychological disorders based on these theories. In effect, Behaviourism and Psychodynamic approaches are polar opposites of each other in the techniques that
Discuss whether psychology should be called a science. (12 marks)
Discuss whether psychology should be called a science. (12 marks) Science is producing explanations for the natural world, whereas psychology is the science for humans and animals and producing explanations for their behaviour. However, sometimes psychology isn't seen as a science, as it relies heavily on research methods such as questionnaires, surveys and individual case studies to back up its theories. Also, psychologists are more interested in emotions, personality and thinking, which are hard to be measured. Therefore, it isn't seen as objective. Objectivity means that all sources of bias are minimized and that personal or subjective ideas are eliminated. Science implies that the facts will speak for themselves, even if they turn out to be different from what the investigator hoped On the other hand, there are some parts of psychology, such as biological and cognitive, laboratory studies are used to investigate theories. These are very controlled, therefore, researchers can't manipulate. However, for approaches, such as psychodynamic, the researchers use case studies which can't be generalised and are based on interpretations from the researchers. They also use methods such as dream analysis, which involve personal interpretations, therefore making them subjective. Carrying on, science has to be observable. For example, in biology, the living world is studied. With
IA - Griffiths - 1994
INDIVIDUAL APPROACH Griffiths - 1994 Aim of study: * To consider whether gamblers are actually more skilful or whether behaviour is better characterised by certain cognitive distortions. * Do regular gamblers 'think' & 'behave' differently to non-regular gamblers? Participants: * 60 participants - mean age 23 RGs - 29 males; 1 female. - Gambled at least once a week. NRGs - 15 males; 15 females. - Gambled once a month or less (used fruit machines at least once) * Recruited via: posters around local university + college campuses. A number of RGs recruited via gambler known to author. Method and Design: * Quasi experiment - IV already occurring - whether they're gamblers or not. * Not true experiment, though. * Independent measures design. I.V./D.V. * IV - Gamblers / Non-Gamblers. * DV - Subjective 1. Cognitive activity - Measured by 'thinking out loud' 2. Perception of skill - Measured by post-experiment semi-structured interview. -Objective (behavioural) 1. Total number of plays in session 2. Total minutes of play in session 3. Total plays per minute in session 4. End stake - total winnings 5. Total number of wins in session 6. Win rate (time) - time between wins. 7. Win rate (plays) - number of plays between wins Procedure: * In Arcade each participant given £3 to gamble on machine that gave 30 free gambles * Objective: To stay on
Use of non humans
Psychology Homework Research How it helped psychology? Ethical Issues Pavlov demonstrated classical conditioning where he explained how dogs can associate saliva with food. He therefore said behaviour is learnt through conditioning Shows that we are conditioned to do something because we've learnt it though association Many experts argue that learning theory is more relevant to the learning shown by these species than it is to human learning. We are more complex than other species and possess language and much of our learning seems to go beyond classical conditioning Harlow raised monkeys for lengthy periods in total isolation and then placed them with other monkeys in order to test who they would attach with. i.e.: a cloth covered artificial monkey or a wired version of a monkey Shows that babies of any species don't just depend on caregivers for food but also need comfort and protection from caregivers Animal suffering must be found out by careful observation and experimentation. Different species have different requirements, lifestyles e.t.c. so therefore we cannot just assume that we know about their suffering without studying them species by species Brady placed monkeys in restraining chairs and conditioned them to press a lever. They were given shocks every 20 seconds unless the lever was pressed during the same time period Shows that stress may be a casual
Personality and Motivation. In this assignment, I will be talking about the many different theories that attempt to explain where your personality comes from and how it can change you as a person. It will also link this with where motivation comes from.
Personality and motivation In this assignment, I will be talking about the many different theories that attempt to explain where your personality comes from and how it can change you as a person. It will also link this with where motivation comes from. Personality is defined as a persons attributes made up of physical, mental, emotional and social characteristics. Motivation is described as an incentive to complete a task. There are some theories of personality that suggest that you develop your personality from birth, which stay with you through childhood and into adulthood, whereas others say that you develop your personality throughout your life through experiences you encounter. This is known as the nature vs nurture debate. The nature side of this debate argues that you are born with your own unique personality which doesn't change through your life, similar to your genes. One example of this is the trait theory. The trait theory suggests that your personality is made up of a combination of various traits that combine to make your own personality that's different to everybody else's. This theory also says that you will always have these characteristics in whatever situation you're in. For example, if you have a very loud and confident personality, this theory suggests that this will show in whatever situation you're in. However, I think that this is the downfall of
Explain the nature / nurture debate in terms of agression
Explain the nature/nurture debate in regards to aggression Throughout many psychological concepts there is the notorious nature/nurture debate. The debate is of course not specific to psychology and can be found in day to day life and issues. In regards to aggression the debate seems to be, do aggressive people get their aggressive tendencies from those around them and the way they have been bought up, or are they in fact inherited? Banduras social learning theory states that behaviour may be motivated not only by inherent psychological factors, but also by more socio-environmental factors. He argued that the individual and the environment were linked, something he referred to as reciprocal determinism. To support his theory Bandura did a study using children and Bobo dolls. In this study the children observed their parents either being aggressive or companionate towards the doll. It was found that the child acted in a similar way to what the parent did towards the doll and was concluded that aggressive tendencies are observed and then repeated by children when they see their role models act aggressively. This theory argues that upbringing may be a key factor in whether or not a person is aggressive in later life, although it has been argued that Bandura has ignored biological influences that may act on aggression. Another theory that may support this is Freud's theory of
Outline and evaluate attempts to define abnormality (12 marks)
Outline and evaluate attempts to define abnormality (12 marks) There are three ways to define abnormality. One way is the Deviation of Social Norms, under this definition, a person's thinking or behaviour is classified as abnormal if it violates the rules about what is expected or acceptable behaviour in a particular social group. The behaviour may be incomprehensible to others and also to make others feel threatened or uncomfortable. However, there are many limitations of this definition, starting with 'eccentric or abnormal'. Eccentric in the pathological sense is someone running across a rugby pitch naked or running the marathon dressed as a giant rabbit, as an example. This would be seen as strange but not abnormal. If the degree of eccentricity is great enough, then for example, someone who is known for blunt speaking to the point of rudeness might be considered eccentric or deviant but not psychologically disturbed. Another limitation of this definition is 'Abnormal or criminal'. People who violate legal norms is classed as criminal behaviour, but rarely attributed to an underlying psychological disorder. Whereas rape and mass murder is abnormal. But if people are 'normal' and just their behaviour is 'abnormal' then anyone could be a potential rapist or mass murderer. Studies is social psychology have shown that so called 'normal' people can behave in shocking and
Describe and Discuss the psychodynamic explanation of behaviour
Describe and Discuss the psychodynamic explanation of behaviour(10marks) Sigmund Freud was the key pioneer of the psychodynamic perspective. The psychodynamic explanation of behaviour looks at the approach that all human behaviour can be explained in terms of inner conflict of the mind. The structure of the mind is the conscious and the unconscious. The unconscious is the part of our mental life we are unaware of while the conscious is the part we are aware of. A key assumption of the psychodynamic approach is that the unconscious mind determines behaviour although we are unaware of it. The conscious mind we are aware of and also determines behaviour. Another key assumption is that our personality is divided into id, ego and super ego. Id is the part of us that wants immediate gratification and pleasure- connected to sex instinct (unconscious level). It is the personality construct we are born with and operates on the pleasure principle. The id is kept in check with the ego (conscious) which determines the most satisfying outcome. The super ego is the part of us that is most like our conscious. The ego is the reality principle which balances the drives of the id. The id uses defence mechanisms, such as, denial, to cope with anxiety caused by conflict of id and super ego. Another key assumption is that we develop through five psychosexual stages through birth to
Describe and evaluate psychotherapies for schizophrenia
Describe and evaluate psychotherapies for schizophrenia Psychotherapies for schizophrenia include both cognitive therapy and cognitive-behavioural therapy. Cognitive-behavioural therapy focuses on the individual symptoms of schizophrenia such as hallucinations and delusions. The therapy teaches patients coping strategies which are used in response to distressing symptoms. However, cognitive-behavioural therapy and cognitive therapy for schizophrenia is not always effective because the therapy relies on patients being able to recall and communicate effectively which can be a problem if the patient has disorganised speech and thoughts. This is a criticism of psychotherapies because, when compared to drug treatments for schizophrenia, little communication is required as it simply involves the patient taking anti-psychotic drugs to control their symptoms. It has been found that combining these anti-psychotic drugs with cognitive-behavioural therapy is a more effective way of treating schizophrenia as the drugs prevent the patient relapsing while the CBT helps the patient to cope with the symptoms when they are no longer taking drugs. Tarrier conducted a study in 1987 in which he investigated the use of coping strategies during psychotic episodes. Patients with schizophrenia who suffered with severe symptoms following a psychotic episode were interviewed. It was found that one
