Describe two factors that influence forgetting in short-term memory (STM).
Tom Lowe Psychology homework - 21/10/05 (a) Describe two factors that influence forgetting in short-term memory (STM). One of the factors that influence forgetting is because the information no longer exists in memory, and is therefore no longer available for recall. The second influencing factor of forgetting in short term memory is that the material cannot be found, and can therefore not be recalled, this is known as 'Cue Dependent forgetting'. (b) Describe the procedures and findings of one study that has investigated the capacity of memory. Jacobs (1887) aimed to investigate the capacity of memory. To do this he presented his participants with a random sequence of digits or letters, and he then asked the participants to repeat the items back in the order that they were read. Jacobs found that the average number of items that were correctly recalled was between five and nine, and he also found that digits were recalled better than letters. He also found that the number of correctly recalled items increased with age. (c) Outline the finding(s) of one study of flashbulb memories and give one criticism of this One study aiming to investigate 'Flashbulb memories' was Conway et al. (1994). Conway argued that the resignation of Mrs. Thatcher should have produced 'flashbulb memories'. Conway tested people within a fortnight of this event and tested
Experiment investigating conformity in students.
Experiment investigating conformity in students. Abstract Will participants give the wrong answer more frequently when others present are unanimously giving wrong answers? Yes!!! The effects of conformity on sixteen year olds were analysed using a simple experiment. The results are rather shocking to see, that 50% of females and 83% of males conform to social pressure. On a whole that is 67% of a group of twenty-eight 16 year olds that conform from social pressure. Introduction In recent years, there has been considerable interest to whether students will conform to social pressure. Ever since The Milgram Experiment (1963), where he showed that under social pressure subjects would conform, psychologists have been intrigued by the way subjects conform to the social pressure set by others. In difference from Milgram's experiment (1963). Here we investigate if participants will conform to social pressure and give a wrong answer. Hypothetically believing that the participants will give the wrong answer more frequently when others present are unanimously giving the wrong answer. Of course all participants, with exception to the subject being studied, are aware that the experiment is being carried out. All of the participants are of the same age range (16 years) and are all of the same occupation (student) and ethical background (white). The only difference
Fashion review
FASHION Fashion is very important in our everyday lives. In the modern day we would like to think we can tell a lot about a person by the way that they are dressed. But sometimes this is not always the case. A person can be completely different on the inside to what they look like on the outside. You might not notice it but people walking down the street look at you and judge you straight away. I think that this is not right and very unfair on certain people. Fashion is all about image and what we look like when we are in public. The clothes that we choose restrict us from going into certain shops that sell cheap clothes which our friends would not wear. We tend to think just because the piece of clothing is cheaperand it is not as good of quality. And this is ofen wrong. Sometimes I think people worry too much about what they look like and what other people think of them. Many families now a days who have teenage children are finding it increasingly hard to cope with the demands which the children make. many families have to take out huge loans to meet these demands. This sometimes leads to debts which which they can't afford to repay. My opinion is that if the children knew the stress it was putting on there families they would not demand as much. People are on longer paying for a good piece of clothing. Now
What impact does violence on television have on children?
Uyen Le 02/25/03 English Period 4 What impact does violence on television have on children? Violence on television influence children's behavior both positive and negatively. They can watch the shows and learn from what they see. TV violence has been related to the aggressive behavior in children, although it is not clear how much of an impact TV violence actually has." Parents need to spend a great deal more time helping their children ready themselves for what the real world has in store for them, rather then let them sit in front of the television watching the orchestrated events that take place in the WWF," said by Robert McStocker, a sixth grade teacher. Young children who are allowed to watch a lot of violence and see it in their lives may think that it is the appropriate way to act, so they become what they see and hear. Children begin watching television at a very early age, sometimes as early as six months. According to audience rating surveys (Nielsen, 1988), the typical American household has the television set on for more than seven hours each day and children age 2 to 11 spend an average of 28 hours per week viewing (Andreasen, 1990; Condry, 1989; Liebert & Sprafkin, 1988). According to Gerbner's initial analysis (Gerbner, 1972), eight out of every ten plays broadcast during the survey period in 1969 contained some form of violence, and eight episodes of
business coursework discussion
Discussion From conducting the experiment on reconstructive memory I have found that in condition 1 participants recalled their sentences more accurately than participants in condition 2. The reason for these findings is that in condition 1 participants were asked to recall the short story immediately after reading it, therefore the story was still clear in their memory, and therefore there was less reconstruction of their story. Whereas in condition 2 participants were asked to recall the story 24 hours later; on this condition participants did not know that they were going to have to remember the story in great detail, so when recalled most participants remembered very little, as the story wasn't stored in their memory. The experimental hypothesis for thus experiment was that participants in condition 1 would recall more accurately than participants in condition 2. The results for this experiment supports the experimental hypothesis, this hypothesis was supported by the measures of central tendency from the results, as the mean for condition 1 was 4.5 whereas in condition 2 the mean was 1.5 therefore in condition 1 the results showed that participants remembered the story more accurately than condition 2. Also the mode for each conditions support the hypothesis; as for condition 2 the mode was 0 and in condition 1 a bi modal mode was found which was 3 and 5, this shows
Describe and evaluate theories of hypnosis
Theories of Hypnosis Describe and evaluate theories of hypnosis (25 marks) Frank Mesmer was an Austrian physicist who believed in magnetism and was one of the first hypnotists. He claimed that illnesses were caused by an imbalance in the body's own magnetic field. A process known as mesmerism came about. Patients would hold on to an iron bar in a dark room and sit around wooden barrels filled with water, ground glass and iron filings. Mesmer would play soft music, wearing a lilac robe and would tap the patients with his bar. They would often suffer convulsions and enter a trance-like-state. Mesmer claimed to be able to cure minor ailments with this method. This may have been true magnetism or the patients could just believe they are feeling the effect but it is due to their own imagination which is known as the placebo. A British physician amputated a man's leg using nothing more than hypnosis. This can be used nowadays to help people quit smoking, lose weight and go through painful dental treatment. Hypnosis is usually carried by asking the patient to stare upwards and focus on a target, and are then made suggestions about relaxation, tiredness and sleepiness. The patient's eyes should naturally close and if not then they are told to close them after 10 minutes. The individuals will sit quietly and show little or no activity unless it is suggested. Post-hypnotic amnesia
I Am Concerned About Becoming An Effective Classroom Teacher I believe that with being a teacher comes great responsibility
I Am Concerned About Becoming An Effective Classroom Teacher I believe that with being a teacher comes great responsibility. A teacher will leave a lasting impression on their pupils, they should be free from any prejudice and treat children as individuals by respecting their backgrounds, religion, disability and race. I am extremely concerned about becoming an effective teacher and many factors contribute to this. This essay will highlight my areas of concern and how my initial thoughts have developed during my placement. My areas of concern include planning and executing enjoyable lessons. They also include the strategies I observed the teacher using to mange behaviour in the classroom which is essential for the smooth flow of the day. Confidence is a factor which I feel improves every time you teach, and if lessons are well planned and subject knowledge is secure a teacher would automatically begin to feel confident. I am also concerned about classroom organisation and the implementation of routines. I observed many examples of set routines which the school follow, this is the responsibility of the teacher to enforce and then keep consistent. These are all attributes or responsibilities of an effective teacher and this essay will explore them and discuss possible ways of improving or developing them. I have also included my experience regarding assessment and the
Why Did the British Government decide to evacuate children from Britain's major cities in the early years of WWII?
Britain in the Second World War The Evacuation of British children Why Did the British Government decide to evacuate children from Britain's major cities in the early years of WWII? The evacuation of Britain's cities at the start of World War Two was the biggest and most concentrated mass movement of people in Britain's history. Only Children and teachers were evacuated and were only taken from the likeliest German targets. The first children to be evacuated were taken from their families on the 31st August 1939. In the first few weeks nearly two million children were evacuated. Usually when children were evacuated they went with their school teacher and the children they were familiar with. About 100 000 teachers ended up also being evacuated. Evacuation didn't just happen once in the Second World War their were two major times of evacuation Children were only evacuated from Major cities but deciding what is a major city can be quite controversial. It was not just the highly populated cities that were evacuated; it was also the cities of strategic or military value such as Coventry and Liverpool. The reason why children were chosen for evacuation was because they were of no use to the war effort. It would be a huge moral boost if the parents of the children knew their children were safe and happy in the country. It would also be easier for the emergency services if
A study investigating the effects of categorisation on recall
A study investigating the effects of categorisation on recall . Introduction Background research The cognitive approach to psychology studies the processes the mind uses to deal with information and looks at areas such as language, learning, perception and memory. Cognitive psychologists commonly use models to explain information flow. These models are abstract ways of representing how the mind deals with information rather than defining separate areas of the brain for each aspect of memory. The information processing model uses the analogy of a computer system - information is received and processed in various ways by the mind before being passed into memory. Within the study of memory, there are three main processes: Encoding > Storage > Retrieval Encoding is the process of perceiving and understanding input. Storage is the way in which we commit information to memory. Retrieval is the process used to access information that is not currently in conscious memory. William James, an early psychologist, identified two types of memory - "primary memory" and "secondary memory", which are now called "short term memory" and "long term memory". Atkinson and Shiffrin's "multi-store model of memory" This theory states that there are three distinct memory stores - sensory, short term and long term. The amount of attention paid and "rehearsal" of information affects
This report will depict some of the complex influences affected by consumer and buyer behaviour in the Leisure Industry.
CONTENTS .0 INTRODUCTION 2 2.0 SOCIOCULTURAL LEVEL 2.1 ECONOMY 3 2.2 WORKING PATTERNS 2.3 HOME LIFE 4 2.4 STRESS 2.5 SOCIAL CLASSIFICATION 3.0 INTERPERSONAL LEVEL 3.1 REFERENCE GROUPS 6 3.2 DAISY CHAINS 3.3 FAMILY LIFECYCLE 7 3.4 DEMOGRAPHICS 3.5 COGNITIVE AGE 8 4.0 INDIVIDUAL LEVEL 4.1 MOTIVATION 9 4.2 INFORMATION AND LEARNING 5.0 SUMMARY 1 REFERENCES 2 APPENDIX 1 PERSONAL DISPOSABLE INCOME 3 APPENDIX 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC CLASSIFICATION 4 APPENDIX 3 REFERENCE GROUPS 5 APPENDIX 4 FAMILY LIFECYCLE 6 APPENDIX 5 DECISION-MAKING PROCESS 7 APPENDIX 6 HIERARCHY OF NEEDS 8 .0 INTRODUCTION This report will depict some of the complex influences affected by consumer and buyer behaviour in the Leisure Industry. Strong relation is made to the key developments of consumer behaviour derived from 'Leisure in the new Millennium' report by The Henley Centre (2000). Utilising marketers traditional and modern concepts and models to denote basic behavioural concepts. The report discusses sociological, Interpersonal and Individual level factors and the influences in the context of consumer behaviour. 2.0 SOCIOCULTURAL LEVEL 2.1 THE ECONOMY 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 Traditional economist view, has classed the purchases of Leisure and activities as luxury goods that are price elastic to demand. However, The Henley Centre (2000:1)
