Investigating the forces acting on a trolley on a ramp
Physics coursework Investigating the forces acting on a trolley on a ramp Contents Page 3 -> Method Page 4 -> Theory Page 7 -> Results Page 9 -> Error Page 18 -> Appendixes Method The aim of the investigation was to investigate the forces acting on a trolley as it rolled down a ramp, and also to investigate the factors which may contribute to the results. To do this, a trolley and a ramp set at a variety of angles of incline were used, and then, using a light gate, the speed at which the trolley was moving when it passed through the light gate was calculated. The variables were the starting distance of the trolley in relation to the light gate and the angle of the ramp. Firstly, the equipment was set up as in fig. 1. The trolley was then run down the ramp with a piece of card attached to the side. This card was of a known length and could hence be used to calculate the velocity at which the trolley was moving. While the light gate did actually calculate the velocity, it only gave the answer to 2 decimal places, whereas it gave the time to 2 decimal places. Furthermore, the light gate calculated the velocity with the assumption that the card was exactly 100mm, whereas when the card was actually measured, this was a value closer to 102mm (±0.5mm). Next, after the trolley had passed through the light gate, the information from that 'run' appeared
viscosity of golden syrup
An Investigation to Measure the Viscosity of Golden Syrup. Aim: - the aim of my investigation is to measure the viscosity of golden syrup and see if this value depends upon the temperature of the syrup. Apparatus not included in diagram: - micrometer, 5 ball bearings as provided by the school, stop clock, magnet, marker pen, metre rule, weighing scales, thermometer, water bath. (The measuring cylinder is 50 cm3) Certain aspects have to be taken into account to ensure that the experiment is carried out safely. These are: - o If heating the syrup, be careful not to burn yourself on hot equipment. o Goggles should be worn to prevent syrup from entering the eye. Variables that need to be considered are:- the size of the ball bearing to be dropped, the temperature of the syrup, the amount of syrup used, the length that the distance travelled is measured over, the depth beneath the top that the speed and distance are measured from, the type of syrup used and the density of the syrup. I have decided to change the size of the ball bearing to see how this effects viscosity and a further study will be done changing the temperature of the syrup. The differing size ball bearings will be dropped at a constant temperature. To make this a fair test I will have to keep all other variables the same. To do this I will:- o Keep the amount of syrup used, the type of syrup (golden)
What affects the voltage output of a solar panel?
What affects the voltage output of a solar panel? Planning Aim The aim of the investigation is to find out how the distance between a light point source and a photovoltaic cell affects the output potential difference. Hypothesis I predict that the further the distance, the smaller the output potential distance Inverse square law for light intensity (Taken from the website - http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/isql.html#c1) "Inverse square law for light intensity against distance: As the distance between an observer and a light source increases, the observable brightness decreases with d-2. Light spreads out over an increasing area of space to decrease apparent brightness. (Figure 1.1) Figure 1.1 (http://www.astrosociety.org/education/publications/tnl/32/images/fig5.gif) Because, Pin is proportional to area-1 and area is proportional to distance2, therefore Pin is proportional to distance-2 (figure 1.2). This supports my prediction that the output potential difference will be much smaller when the distance between the point source and the PV cell increases. Of course, my hypothesis assumes 100% efficiency and no influence from background light and other factors that may affect the experiment in anyway. .2 Prediction of outcome (Pin ? distance-2) Apparatus list The list of apparatus to be used is: Ray box Used as the point source to emit light
Energy and its uses
Fundamentals of science. Energy transfer systems UNIT 1 Task 1.3 Types of energy Measurement of energy Examples of energy transfer Dewi Hanks ND Forensic Science Year 1 Table of Contents Contents......................................................................... Page 2 Introduction..................................................................... Page 3 Energy Terminology........................................................... Page 4 - 7 Energy Interconversions....................................................... Page 8 - 15 Risk assessment Burning Peanut............................................. Page 16 Burning Peanut experiment................................................... Page 17 - 19 Risk assessment heating metal block....................................... Page 20 Heating of metal block experiment.......................................... Page 21 - 24 Conclusions..................................................................... Page 25 INTRODUCTION In this report I intend to explain the fundamentals of energy and its Interconversions. In order to do this I will be covering the following topics: Types of energy Measurement of energy Examples of energy transfer I will also include two experiments with their results and in order to show the equations and computations used to show energy transfer amounts and the efficiency of
Catapult Investigation
Mark Cranshaw 0P/11P Physics coursework Catapult Investigation Planning: * Preliminary work The preliminary part of my catapult investigation was to see how far I could stretch an elastic band without breaking and also to test to see what readings I could use in the final experiment. I am going to plan an experiment where I shall investigate the firing distances of 100g weights fired by two elastic bands wrapped around a stool. First of all we did our preliminary experiment. In this we investigated elastic bands to see which would be most suitable to use in our final experiment. We tested the elastic bands with different forces (1-10 Newton's) and recorded the distances of which they were stretched. I realised that if I stretched the elastic bands with more than a force of 10 Newton's then they would probably break or loose their elastic energy. Here is a diagram showing our trial experiment: The results of this experiment are shown on the graph on the next page and also below: Force (Newton's) Distance stretched (cm) 24 2 29 3 36 4 44 5 54 6 64 7 73 8 80 9 86 0 90 1 05 2 09 3 20 4 23 5 25 From the results it is quite easy to see that the bigger the force on the elastic band the further it will stretch. From this I will make a prediction: "The more force put on the elastic band the further the weight will travel the further the elastic
Measurement of the resistivity of Nichrome
Measurement of the Resistivity of Nichrome (NiCr) Introduction In this coursework, I am going to measure the resistivity of Nichrome. Nichrome is a non-magnetic alloy of nickel and chromium. It is a good conductor of electricity and heat, and has a high melting point. Due to its relatively high resistivity and resistance to oxidation at high temperatures, the wire made of Nichrome is widely used in heating elements, such as in hair dryers, electric ovens and toasters. What does Resistivity mean? Resistivity (also known as electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of electric current. It is normally static and could be varied by changing the temperature. In general, resistivity of metals increases with temperature, while the resistivity of semiconductors decreases with increasing temperature. High values of resistivity imply that the material making up the wire is very resistant to the flow of electricity. Low values of resistivity imply that the material making up the wire transmits electrical current very easily. The unit of resistivity is the ohm meter (? m). The resistivity ? (rho) of a material is given by > ? is the static resistivity (measured in ohm metres, ?·m); > R is the electrical resistance of a uniform specimen of the material (measured in ohms, ?); > L is the length of the piece of material (measured in
The acceleration of a ball down various inclines
SCIENCE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH PROJECT THE ACCELERATION OF A SPHERE OVER DIFFERENT INCLINES PREPARED BY SARANG PALERI TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENTS . Abstract 2. Introduction 3. Aim 4. Hypothesis 5. Materials 6. Method 7. Results 8. Discussion 9. Conclusion PAGE NO. 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 9 0 ABSTRACT In this experiment, I constructed a project to test the change in velocity of a spherical object down a slope, and how that is affected by different inclines. I will record the time a ball takes to get to the bottom of a plank, measuring the times it takes to get to different intervals. The inclines I will be using to roll the ball down are at 2°, 4°, 6°, 8° and 10°. The control will be at 90°, as the only force acting on it is gravity. I will roll the ball down the plank 5 times at each angle, ruling out some random errors. The ball will be a Wilson Championship Heavy Duty 70g tennis ball. The plank can be any length, but it is preferable to use pine wood, as it is soft and is not undulating. The measurements are made with multiple stopwatches, to record times at each interval. The independent variable is change in incline angle, and the dependant variable is velocity down the plank. The acceleration of the ball is determined by further analysing these results. INTRODUCTION My Semester 2 Science Assessment Task requires me to research and investigate an
AS OCR B Advancing Physics Coursework - Making Sense of Data
AS Physics Coursework - Making Sense of Data An experiment was carried out in which the velocity of a falling mass was measured using a light gate: The results are shown in the table below: Height Above Light Gate (mm) Velocity #1 (m/s) Velocity #2 (m/s) Velocity #3 (m/s) 20 0.61 0.62 0.51 70 .12 .11 .10 20 .52 .62 .50 70 .76 .72 .79 220 .93 2.03 .99 270 2.26 2.28 2.30 320 2.45 2.50 2.46 370 2.62 2.67 2.63 420 2.84 2.80 2.89 470 2.96 2.97 2.99 520 3.18 3.13 3.20 570 3.30 3.44 3.34 620 3.53 3.53 3.40 670 3.62 3.64 3.67 720 3.84 3.62 3.83 770 3.86 3.84 3.83 820 4.03 3.97 3.99 870 4.18 4.12 4.14 920 4.36 4.41 4.20 Provided with these results I have initially decided to look at any relationship between the actual figures collected, with the plan of calculating and exploring further data later. I am therefore looking at the relationship between the distance the object fell, and its velocity as it passed through the light gate. An average of the velocities measured in each experiment has been calculated and the height at which the weight was dropped has been multiplied by 1000 to convert it to metres. I have created a graph of these values. Distance fallen /m Average Velocity/ ms-1 0.02 0.58 0.07 .11 0.12 .55 0.17 .76 0.22 .98 0.27 2.28 0.32 2.47 0.37 2.64 0.42 2.84 0.47
Investigation on whether Rubber obeys Hooke's Rule
Investigation on whether Rubber obeys Hooke's Rule Plan Introduction Hooke's Rule states that extension of a material is proportional to the tension force applied to it unless the elastic limit is reached, which is the point at which the material no longer obeys Hooke's Rule. There are only a few materials that obey this rule. In this investigation, we will find out whether rubber obeys Hooke's Rule. We will measure in detail the way in which the extension of a rubber band depends on the tension in the band. This will be done by applying various amounts of weights, as it is a continual variation. Hooke's Rule = F = ke * F = Force in Newtons * k = Spring constant * e = Extension in Centimetres Rubber is a natural polymer which is made up of long chains of molecules which are bent back and forth with weak forces acting between them. As the rubber band is stretched, molecules straighten out and allow the rubber band to become larger. Eventually, as the molecules become fully stretched, the long chains will become parallel to each other and can stretch up to ten times its original length. Extra force will make the rubber band break. If the rubber is not stretched to breaking, once the force is removed the molecules tend to curl back again into their original position because of the attraction and cross-links between adjacent molecules. The return is elastic. Hypothesis I
Internal Resistance of a cell
Topic: Internal Resistance of a cell Aim: To measure the internal resistance and emf (the potential differences across a voltage Source when no current is flowing) and to observe the combination of cells Hypothesis: The emf of the old cell is less than the emf of the new cell but the internal resistance of the old cell is much greater than the new cell. Introduction: Resistance in electricity, property of an electric circuit or part of a circuit that transforms electric energy into heat energy in opposing electric current. Resistance involves collisions of the current-carrying charged particles with fixed particles that make up the structure of the conductors. Resistance is often considered as localized in such devices as lamps, heaters, and resistors, in which it predominates, although it is characteristic of every part of a circuit, including connecting wires and electric transmission lines. (Britannica.2006) The dissipation of electric energy in the form of heat, even though small, affects the amount of electromotive force, or driving voltage, required to produce a given current through the circuit. In fact, the electromotive force V (measured in volts) across a circuit divided by the current I (amperes) through that circuit defines quantitatively the amount of electrical resistance R. Precisely, R = V/I. Thus, if a 12-volt battery steadily drives a 2-ampere
