Investigate the Properties of Ionic and Covalent substances
Title: To Investigate the Properties of Ionic and Covalent substances Introduction: Certain properties of compounds, such as polar and non- polar solvents, melting point and conductivity of electricity, can be used to distinguish between Ionic and Covalent substances. Aim: To determine whether common laboratory substances are ionic or covalent in nature. Apparatus/Materials: Sodium Chloride Test Tubes Sucrose Glass Rods Naphthalene Beaker (2- 100cm3) Copper (II) Sulfate Battery Calcium Carbonate Connecting wires Calcium Oxide Electrodes Spatulas Bunsen burner Tongs Method(1): Heating Substances Approximately two spatulas of sodium chloride was placed into a test tube and its contents were gently heated at first then heated strongly until no further change occurred. This was repeated with the other salts. Method(2): Solubility of Substances Two spatulas fall of sodium chloride was poured into breakers 1 with water and oe with ethanol. Solution was mixed and was held for conductivity test same was done for other salts. Method(3): Conductivity Electrodes were connected to connecting wires and
Proteins have many functions in the human body and these include transport, catalysis, protection, storage, sensitivity, structure and co-ordination.
Proteins Introduction Protein accounts for about three-fourths of the dry matter in human tissues other than fat and bone. It is a major structural component of hair, skin, nails, connective tissues, and body organs. It is required for practically every essential function in the body. Proteins are made from the following elements; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and often sulphur and phosphorus. Proteins cannot be stored except in eggs and seeds and they form the body's main structural elements and are found in every cell and tissue. The human body uses proteins for growth and to build and repair bones, muscles, tissue, skin, internal organs and blood. Hormones, antibodies and the enzymes that regulate the body's chemical reactions are all made of protein. Without the right proteins, blood won't clot properly and cuts won't heal and if carbohydrates and fat can't meet your energy needs, proteins can be broken down and used as a source of emergency energy. So this makes protein very crucial for your health. Each protein is a large complex molecule; these molecules are made up of a string of amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids that occur naturally to form proteins and they all have the same basic structure. The 20 amino acids the body needs can be linked in thousands of different ways to form thousands of different proteins, each with a unique function in the
Mr Chips: Investigation to find an isotonic solution for potatoes
Mr Chips: Investigation to find an isotonic solution for potatoes Introduction Investigation aimed to find out the amount of grams of salt solute needed to create an isotonic solution to prevent osmosis in fresh cut potato chips. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a selectively-permeable membrane down a water potential gradient. More specifically, it is the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration). The water molecules will continue to move through the semi-permeable membrane until both sides have reached a state of equilibrium. Isotonic solution is a solution in which its solute concentration is the same as the solute concentration of another solution with which it is compared In plant cells when water moves into the vacuole it increases in size and pushes the cell membrane against the cell wall, this causes the cellulose cell wall to stretch slightly and when it can stretch no further it becomes taut and firm. The pressure inside the cell rises and eventually the internal pressure of the cell is so high that no more water can enter the cell. This liquid or hydrostatic pressure works against osmosis. At this point the cell wall prevents the cell from bursting and is said to be fully turgid. Turgidity is very
Can Germ line Gene Therapy be used as a treatment for Huntingtons Disease?
Can Germ line Gene Therapy be used as a treatment for Huntington's Disease? Target Audience: Biology A-Level Graduates Report Outline Gene Therapy has been used to reduce the effects of many diseases, but so far, very few solutions have arisen for Huntington's disease. I will be exploring the effectiveness of germ line therapy compared to its risks and morality. Problem Huntington's disease is a genetic condition where there is a mutation in the DNA sequence on the dominant gene 'huntingtin'. The mutation is repetitive so there is more than just one chromosome effected by this mutation. This means the offspring of a Huntington's disease carrier has a 50% chance of developing the disease. Huntington's disease is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder which means the neurones in the brain can lead to a cognitive decline over time. Because this process takes years before it shows any signs of effect, most people don't realize they have Huntington's disease until they reach mid-life. The gene 'huntingtin' codes for the Huntington protein, commonly found around areas of the brain. When a mutation occurs, this protein is no longer produced and instead a different form of protein is produced. This protein initially causes very little harm to the brain, but after a prolonged time, it damages nerve cells in the brain and leads to Huntington's disease. The full process of
The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of starch using amylase extracted from barley.
Sasha Caddy, RM11. 20/01/04 The effect of temperature on the hydrolysis of starch using amylase extracted from barley Interpretation of results: Enzymes are a class of proteins that catalyse chemical reactions, which increases the rate of a metabolic reaction. Most enzymes are specific, working on a particular or class of reactions. In this case I am using an enzyme known as amylase (a group of enzymes which convert starch to sugar), which is an important metabolic enzyme. Amylase is found in various parts of the body including the saliva of the parotid gland and the pancreas, e.g. ptyalin, which aids in the digestion of carbohydrates by speeding up specific digestive processes taking place from the mouth to the small intestines. However, in this experiment we are using amylase which has been extracted from barley. The function of amylase is to catalyze (to modify the rate of a chemical reaction by catalysis) the hydrolysis (decomposition of a chemical compound by reaction with water) of starch into glucose. Starch is a mixture of two compounds; amylose and amylopectin, both of these molecules are polymers which contain a large, variable number of a-glucose molecules linked to each other by condensation. Amylase acts on starch, which is a polysaccharide (a class of carbohydrates; starch, consisting of a number of twenty-five monosaccharides) and breaks it down into
effect of concentration of copper sulphate on the action of amylase to break down starch.
Biology Coursework Abstract In this investigation I am going to explore the effect of concentration of copper sulphate on the action of amylase to break down starch. Copper sulphate is a very common chemical that can be used in a lot of different areas, but little has been discussed on its effect on amylase. I will find out which type of inhibitor copper ion is and how does it actually inhibits amylase, and also how concentration of copper sulpahte will affect the rate at which amylase works. Aim of investigation The aim of this investigation is to find out how concentration of copper sulphate affects the action of amylase. Hypothesis The higher the concentration of copper sulphate, the slower the amylase works. Rationale There are two ways that we could have consumed copper sulphate. Water pipes are responsible for transporting water, and some of them are made out of copper. Copper pipes can become rusted if there is high sulphate content in the water, basic copper sulphate is precipitated which can grow through the pipe wall creating pit holes [1]. Copper sulphate is also used in some places to treat sewer lines, tree roots are constantly looking for water and organic sources and sewer lines are the perfect site for them. Tree roots will penetrate and damage the pipes which will is expensive to repair. Copper sulfate kills tree roots without killing the tree or
The Importance and Biological Functions of Carbohydrates.
The Importance and Biological Functions of Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates have many functions. This essay will look at some of them and also what carbohydrates are constructed of. A Carbohydrate molecule contains Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen. There are twice as many Hydrogens as there are Oxygens, the same proportion as water. Carbohydrates have the general formula of C (H O) Carbohydrates can be divided into three main types. These are monosaccharides (single sugar units), disaccharides (two sugar units) and polysaccharides (many sugar units). Different monosaccharides contain different numbers of carbon atoms. Trioses contain three, pentoses contain five and hexoses six. Carbohydrates have many different functions and come in many different forms. Ribose and Deoxyribose are both pentose monosaccharides and are found in RNA and DNA. Glucose and Fructose are both hexose monosaccharides. Glucose is an important source of energy in respiration and Fructose is found in fruits. Sucrose is a disaccharide formed from Glucose and fructose. It is the form in which carbohydrates are transported in plants. Maltose is a disaccharide of glucose and is formed from the digestion of starch. The carbohydrate in milk is lactose and it is formed from Glucose and galactose. Important polysaccharides include Starch, Glycogen and Cellulose. They are all made up from Glucose but have different
Investigating the effect of temperature on the breakdown of starch by amylase.
Investigating the effect of temperature on the breakdown of starch by amylase Planning The aim of this experiment is to investigate how effectively the enzyme amylase breaks down starch at different temperatures, and therefore to find the optimum temperature of amylase. Background theory relevant to this investigation involves enzymes in general, amylase itself and kinetic theory. Enzymes are a class of proteins which catalyse chemical reactions. Unlike nonbiological catalysts such as charcoal and platinum, which often need harsh extremes of temperature and pH, enzymes must work in the mild conditions of a cell in the body, at approximately 40oC and at a pH between 6.5 and 7.5. When compared with inorganic catalysts, enzymes are different in their rate of reaction (often 106 to 1012 the rate of the uncatalysed reaction) and in their specificity, their ability to act selectively on a small group of chemically similar substances. Chemicals changed by enzyme-catalysed reactions are called the substrates of that enzyme, and they fit into the active site of the enzyme, where the reaction takes place, in a lock-and-key mechanism. The products of the reaction then leave the active site, freeing it up for more similar reactions to take place. Amylase is an enzyme found in various places in the body including in the saliva and in the pancreas. It acts on starch, a polysaccharide,
Effect Of Detergent Concentration On Membrane Permeability Of Beetroot Cells
Effect Of Detergent Concentration On Membrane Permeability Of Beetroot Cells Aim: To investigate how effect of Detergent Concentration (cont.) has on Membrane permeability of Beetroot cells. Hypothesis: I predict that as detergent concentration increases, the solution will become less clear, plus mass increases. The increases in mass will indicate that the water potential of the Beetroot cell is lower than that of the surrounding sucrose solution. The Beetroot discs will become flaccid and decrease in mass if the water potential of the surrounding solution is lower than the water potential inside the beetroot cell. I predict that Osmosis will not occur (at 0% cont.) if the water potential of the sucrose solution (detergent) and the water potential of the cell's cytoplasm are equal. I also predict that an increase in detergent concentration will lead to more damage to the cell membranes, decreasing their permeability, and therefore allowing more of the pigment to be released. I predict that if the concentration of detergent is doubled, double the cells will be (at least partly) damaged, which will lead to double the amount of beta cyanine being let out of the cells. Control Variables: In order to make the test fair, only one person must time the amount of time the beetroot has been inside the concentrated detergent and the distilled water, to make the test more accurate
Following the Progress of an Enzyme Controlled Reaction
Following the Progress of an Enzyme Controlled Reaction Plan Enzymes are a widely used source of biological catalyst; they are used in widely in industry as in the biological aspects. Enzymes are biological catalyst; this means that they will speed up a reaction with out becoming used up. The enzymes for this by not actually interfering with the reaction its self but basically align the two substrates on the active site of the enzyme. Amylases are widely spread enzymes that hydrolyse starch to maltose. They are often found in two forms, a-amylase, which degrades starch molecules into, fragments 10 glucose residues long and b-amylase, which breaks down these into maltose, made up of two glucose molecules. Both work by hydrolysis adding one molecule of water across glycosidic link. Hypothesis My hypothesis is that as the time of the enzyme reaction goes on the amount of substrate reacted by time goes in a proportional relationship. In theory time Vs substrate concentration should have a proportional relationship as the relative enzymes will all have plenty of the substrate molecules to align with, therefore creating a constant time for the reaction. The substrate being used is starch, starch is widely found inn various substances. It is greatly found in bread, the starch is a very useful nutrient for human life forms as it is the source for sugars, which produce energy for
