The New Economic Policy - War communism.
The New Economic Policy War communism War communism was the name given to the harsh economic measures the Bolsheviks adopted during the civil war. It had two main aims. The first aim was to put Communist theories into practice by redistributing (sharing out) wealth among the Russian people. The second aim was to help with the Civil War by keeping the towns and the Red Army supplied with food and weapons. The consequences of the War Communism were: * All large factories were taken over by the government. * Production was planned and organized by the government. * Discipline for workers was strict and strikers could be shot. * Peasants had to hand over surplus food to the government. If they didn't, they could be shot. * Food was rationed. * Free enterprise became illegal- all production and trade was controlled by the state. Trotsky's troops put down the uprising, but soon afterwards Lenin abandoned the emergency policies of War communism. Considering the chaos of the Civil War years, it may seem strange that this particular revolt had such startling effect on Lenin. It did so because the Kronstadt sailors had been among the strongest supporters of Lenin and the Bolshevism. The new economic policy Many thousands of the Kronstadt sailors were killed. The mutiny was crushed. But Lenin recognized that changes were necessary. In march 1921, at the Party Congress, Lenin
Explain the purpose of Nazi policy to young people - How successful was this policy?
Hitler and the Nazis had strong ideals for their country. These ideals they believed would make Germany a great country again. The Nazis wanted to create a true "national community", a "Master Race" not polluted with what they called inferior races such as Jews, gypsies and so on. They indoctrinated the German public. No other ideas or opinions would be tolerated. Hitler wanted to indoctrinate a sense of loyalty into people. Loyalty should be to him and the State above all other loyalties. Many older people were sceptical of the Nazis and their ideas. They had formed their own opinions and beliefs and did not all agree with Hitler. This is the reason Hitler targeted the young. Children were too young to have formed their own ideas and beliefs so the Nazis concentrated their efforts on the young. Education was the main way that Hitler spread Nazi ideas. Nearly all the teachers 97% were enrolled in the Nazi Teachers Association. The Nazis believed that a strong mind can only be found in a strong body. Sport was emphasized a lot. Because Hitler wanted to make boys fit for war and girls fit for childbirth. History, biology and German language were essential in the Nazi vision of education. Biology was important to study race for Hitler said that the primary gain of the education system was to install racial consciousness into every student. The Hitler youth
To What Extent were military weaknesses responsible for Britain's adoption of the policy of Appeasement to Nazi Germany in the 1930s?
To What Extent were military weaknesses responsible for Britain's adoption of the policy of Appeasement to Nazi Germany in the 1930s? From 1935 onwards, the position of Nazi Germany in Europe was transformed. Hitler broke treaty after treaty, and yet Britain either stood aside (as in March 1936 over the Rhineland), from July 1936 during the Spanish Civil war, or in March 1938 over Anschluss) or actually intervened (as at Munich in September 1938) to enable Hitler to achieve his aims. As P Bell comments, "There were many wide ranging and sound reasons for pursuing appeasement, yet the policy failed and critics still argue that it was both disastrous and dishonourable"1. Some historians do suggest controversially that she was already passively doing so in the 1920s, and so it may follow those domestic, imperial and economic problems from the 1920s which continued into the 1930s were at least in part responsible for allowing Germany a 'free hand', especially in the light of the failure of the League of Nations and growing tension in Europe. It is clear that Britain's military was weak in the 1930s. This can be seen by Naval Accords such as that at the London Naval Conference (1930) and the Anglo-German Naval alliance in 1935. Britain was forced into damage limitation in terms of her navy thanks to German reintroduction of conscription in 1935, the growing American Navy and the
How far would you attribute the rise of the Nazi party to economic factors?
How far would you attribute the rise of the Nazi party to economic factors? "the Nazi rise to power was essentially linked to the Great Depression" (Holtfrerich). It is true to say that the Nazi rise to power can be greatly attributed to economic hardships in the country, for example; hyperinflation, unemployment and the huge reparations which they had to pay. But is that the whole truth? In deciding if it is or not, we must also look at other things which helped the to gain power, such as the failure of the Weimar government, and the good organization of the Nazi party itself. Historians such as Salmon believe that Germanys economic hardships were in fact the main reason for Nazi success "If Weimar had some chances of survival before [the depression], it had very little chance afterwards". These economic adversities first started with the treaty of Versailles. After WW1 the Germans were forced to sign a very callous treaty, which included paying the allies £6 600 000 in civil damages and also the loss of much of their industry eg the Saar coalfield to be given to France for fifteen years. This left them economically crushed and people began to look for drastic measures to solve this problem. Further more the invasion of the Ruhr added to these problems. The French claimed that Germany had fallen behind in their reparations (to the sum of 14 000 telegraph poles
How successful was Stalins economic policy?
How successful was Stalin's economic policy? Through the NEP (new economic policy) Lenin had helped the Soviet Union recovery from its seven years of warfare (1914-21), but by 1927 the industry had not developed as much as was necessary, and Stalin sought to change this. "We are 100 years behind the advanced countries. We must make good this lag in ten years. Either we do it, or they crush us!" Josef Stalin, speech to the Fourth Plenum of Industrial Managers, Feb. 4, 1931. This speech epitomises what Stalin wanted for the economy of the USSR, he believed that Soviet Russia had to become modernised extremely quickly, in order to satisfy a number of issues. During the 1930s, Stalin had become convinced that Russia would be attacked, and he knew that a country that had been properly modernised and industrialised was weak, and could not succeed in winning a war, let alone spreading communism throughout the world. Russia had to achieve self-sufficiency, to establish them as an independent world power; they would have to rid themselves of their dependence on Western countries for manufactured goods. In the past, the state had been heavily dependent on the agricultural system, which was, in short, completely backward and unreliable, if the peasantry suffered a bad harvest, it would mean the entire populace suffered as well. The original socialist state vision that Stalin wanted
"To what extent was the Nazi rise to power the result of economic problems?"
Ashley Law HNC Social Science History "To what extent was the Nazi rise to power the result of economic problems?" "To what extent was the Nazi rise to power the result of economic problems?" This essay will consider the Nazi rise to power and whether it was the result of economic problems. It will look at the Nazis and how they used the Treaty of Versailles and other propaganda to gain power. It will also look at how between the period of 1918 and 1933, the Weimar Republic, caused the Nazis to gain power. It will also consider the economics of Germany before and after the war. And how the opposition failed to keep the Nazis out of power. The rise of Nazis to power was it just due to economic problems or was propaganda a factor? The Nazi party formed in 1919. Hitler joined the party shortly after it's inception. The Nazis took a completely cynical view to propaganda. Hitler describe it as "a means to an end... propaganda is no more than a weapon... its effect for the most part must be aimed at the emotions and only to a very limited degree at the so-called intellect... The receptivity of the great masses is very limited, their intelligence is small." There were two ways which Hitler used propaganda, on one hand he implied the Nazi slogan "Hitler is Germany, just as Germany is Hitler." Hitler turned his attentions on bad mouthing the Jews and gypsies, and
Nazi Germany
GERMANY 1918-1945 * THE WEIMAR REPUBLIC AND THE RISE OF THE NAZIS The impact of the WW1 - before 1918 Germany was powerful and prospering country, full of working people, fine army BUT after 1918 when the German army was defeated Germany was destroyed, full of ill and powerless people dying, became an unstable democratic republic and was unable to improve the situation The birth of the Weimar Republic - in 1918 the Allies won the war and offered Germany peace under strict conditions › Germany's leader Kaiser abdicated his throne › the Socialist leader Friedrich Ebert became the new leader and signed an armistice with the Allies (freedom of speech, freedom of worship and better working conditions) › but it was too quick change from traditional, autocratic system of govt. to democratic, therefore the German nation and esp. the politicians did not accepted it › despite this opposition in Jan 1919 1st free German elections took place (in the town of Weimar, b/c Berlin was thought to be unstable) and Ebert's party won a majority of votes › Friedrich Ebert became the President of the Weimar Republic The Republic in danger, 1919-1924 (Ebert's govt. faced strong opposition from both left wing and right wing opponents) * The threat of the Left SPARTACISTS - a Communist party which was strongly against Ebert's plan for a democratic Germany, they wanted a Germany ruled
Nazi policies towards women
The Nazi policy for women was the three Ks: "Kinder, Küche, Kirche" or three Cs "children, cooking and church". These three words summarised the lifestyle a female Nazi would be expected to lead, regardless of social class, financial status and how they actually wanted to live. This policy was branching out as a by-product of every other Nazi policy or ideal there was. In basis, to establish itself as a great empire, Germany needed more people, therefore childbirth was encouraged. To build a strong economy, workers were required; therefore women were advised to leave their jobs and stay at home (in the kitchen) and have large German families. The church part of this policy was quite ironic, as the Nazis had only just taken over the Catholic Church in Germany, but implied that all Nazi women should be morally strong, disciplined and family-oriented. One reason women were focused on by Nazis was because the Nazi Party didn't ever employ a woman, therefore women didn't have a role model to admire within the Nazi State, yet appeal to women was important if the Nazis were to remain in power. Children had the most significance, and were central in Nazi policy towards women. The aim was to increase pure Aryans births. Measures between the years 1933-39 were taken, for example: Financial incentives were offered to women such as marriage loans and birth grants. Propaganda was used
The Nazi Youth policy was very successful in some areas however in other areas it failed.
The Nazi Youth policy was very successful in some areas however in other areas it failed. Firstly though, it is important to see its aims before it can be deemed successful or not. The Nazis aimed to make Children obedient and disciplined, they also wanted them to idolise the Fuhrer and make him seem like God to them. They also aimed to make the growing nation a lot fitter and aimed to implant the idea that it was great to sacrifice yourself if it meant benefit for the national good. They also wanted children to do everything they could to bring about racial purity of the German nation. They wanted to develop boys and girls to become separate things. For the boys they wanted to make them into a strong fighter and for the Girls they wanted to make them into reliable housewives and the bearer of many children (but only if they were of pure Aryan blood). The Nazis concentrated heavily on the youth policy and there many groups set up to lure children of all ages into them. As far as numbers go they were very successful in pulling in a large majority of the German youth to become part of the Nazi organisation and it very quickly became the thing to be part of. There was no doubt that through brainwashing and teaching they managed to get the German youth to idolise their Fuhrer. Girls in the B.D.M wrote love letters to him and have been quoted to look at Hitler as "God." The Nazis
What are the main macro-economic policy objectives?
. (a) What are the main macro-economic policy objectives? The main macro-economic policy objectives are to maintain the full employment; increase the growth of national output in term of GDP; keep control the inflation in the acceptable level; induce the Regional Balance of the uneven distribution area and the balance of Trade which is the least objective because it's the government constraint rather than an objective on decision making. First of all, full employment can be illustrated in term of prospective economy, Government tried to minimize the figure of the numbers of the people unemployed. However, there are around 940,000 people unemployed in UK. The unemployment rate remained steady at 3.2%, which is much lower than the rate in many other industrialized countries nowadays. It's an economic waste associated with people unemployed, and also in the consequence, national output will decrease while the unemployment rate increase. It leads the permanent loss of society, especially the poor health and lower living standard occurred in the circumstance. There are certain types of unemployment: permanent unemployment which is people suffered the continuous unemployment; and long term unemployment which is people unemployed more than a year. The Government concerns the longer people unemployed, the more difficult for them to find a job, so spending on those unemployed
