Comparing Julian Barnes A History of the World in 10 Chapters to Elisabeth Wesselings descriptions of the postmodernist historical novel

A Voyage through History Comparing Julian Barnes’ A History of the World in 10 ½ Chapters to Elisabeth Wesseling’s descriptions of the postmodernist historical novel A.M. Hoogenboom - 9628525 Doctoraal scriptie Engelse Taal en Cultuur – augustus 2005 e begeleider: dr. P.C.J.M. Franssen 2e begeleider: dr. R.G.J.L. Supheert Cijfer: 7 Table of Contents 2 Preface 3 . Introduction 5 2. The Historical Novel: From Scott to Postmodernism 8 The Origination of the Historical Novel 8 Imitation and Emulation 10 The Passing of Scott’s Popularity and other Changes in the Literary Field 12 Changes in the Early Twentieth Century 15 The Development of Alternatives 16 From Modernism to Postmodernism 18 Postmodernist Self-Reflexivity

  • Word count: 32217
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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A Study of Nationalism and its relevance in Muslim States.

TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1 NATIONALISM 2 THE BASIC CONCEPT OF NATION 2 BIRTH OF THE CONCEPT OF "NATION" DURING THE FRENCH REVOLUTION 4 COMMON LANGUAGE 4 COMMON CULTURE 4 COMMON HISTORY 5 COMMON RELIGION 5 THE BASIC CONCEPT OF NATIONALISM 5 NATIONALISM A DISTINCT IDEOLOGY 6 TYPES OF NATIONALISM 7 CIVIC NATIONALISM 8 ETHNIC NATIONALISM 8 IRREDENTISM 9 EXPANSIONIST NATIONALISM 9 RADICAL OR REVOLUTIONARY NATIONALISM 9 FASCISM 9 STATELESS NATIONALISM 9 ETHNOCENTRISM 11 ORIGIN OF NATIONALISM 11 THIRD WORLD NATIONALISM 14 CULTURAL NATIONALISM 24 EUROPEAN NATIONALISM " ENGLISH PURITANISM AND NATIONALISM 25 EUROPEAN NATIONALISM " FRENCH NATIONALISM 26 European Nationalism " The 1848 Revolutionary Wave 27 ASIAN AND AFRICAN NATIONALISM 29 Asian and African Nationalism " The New Nations 30 ASIAN AND AFRICAN NATIONALISM " POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES 31 NATIONALISM IN WORLD WAR I 32 TWO KINDS OF NATIONALISM 32 NATIONALISM IN GERMANY 33 NATIONALISM IN ITALY 33 NATIONALISM IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY 33 NATIONALISM IN RUSSIA 34 NATIONALISM IN FRANCE 34 NATIONALISM IN BRITAIN 34 CAN NATIONALISM SOLVE THE CHALLENGES FACING PAKISTAN? 35 THE PROHIBITION OF NATIONALISM 36 NATIONALISM WITH ITS POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE ASPECTS 37 TYPE OF NATIONALISM BRINGING ABOUT SOLIDARITY 39 NATIONALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA DEVELOPED FROM THREE SOURCES 42 INDIGENOUS

  • Word count: 22315
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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The blance sheet for russia.

The blance sheet for russia The Russian Revolution of 1917 was one of the greatest events in history. If we leave aside the heroic episode of the Paris Commune, for the first time millions of downtrodden workers and peasants took political power into their own hands, sweeping aside the despotic rule of the capitalists and landlords, and set out to create a socialist world order. Destroying the old Tsarist regime that held sway for a thousand years, they had conquered one-sixth of the world's land surface. The ancien régime was replaced by the rule of a new democratic state system: the Soviet of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. It heralded the beginning of the world revolution, inspiring the hopes and dreams of millions who had lived through the nightmare of the first world war. Notwithstanding the terrible backwardness of Russia, the new Socialist Soviet Republic represented a decisive threat to the world capitalist order. It struck terror in bourgeois circles, who rightly regarded it as a threat to their power and privileges, but comforted themselves with the notion that the Bolshevik regime was likely to only last a matter of weeks. The nationalised property relations that emerged from the revolution, the foundations of an entirely new social system, entered into direct conflict with the capitalist form of society. Despite the emergence of Stalinism, this

  • Word count: 21752
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: History
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IB History HL, Extended Notes: Russia, the Tsars, the Provisional Govenment and the Revolution.

Tsarist Russia Alexander II 1818-1881 Background . Mosse “the best-prepared heir apparent ever to ascend the Russian throne” 2. Had been prepared for Tsardom. Education included Russian and world history, natural sciences, and languages (Russian, German, Polish, and English). 3. Concluded with a 7 month tour of 30 provinces because the first member of the royal family to visit Siberia during this 4. When he returned he was given some responsible posts and was made Nicholas I’s deputy during his absence (had experience). Personality . Had a sound and practical mind combined with a sense of duty to improve the well-being of his people. Recognized the need to modernize serfs, economy, army 2. Raleigh “He would be a wonderful sovereign in a well-organized country and in a time of peace…but he lacks the temperament of a reformer.” “Too kind, too pure, to understand people and to rule them.” 3. Was his father’s son in other respects, firm conservative and devoted to upholding autocratic government. Refused to consider a constitution for 25 years. 4. “The people see their monarch as God’s envoy…inseparable for their personal dependency on me…to forgo it would be to damage the nation’s prestige” Forces of change . Alexander had no sympathy for radical or liberal ideas but recognized that improvements were necessary if he wanted to maintain

  • Word count: 20348
  • Level: International Baccalaureate
  • Subject: History
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Animal Farm.

Animal Farm Context George Orwell was the pen name of Eric Blair, a British political novelist and essayist whose pointed criticisms of political oppression propelled him into prominence toward the middle of the twentieth century. Born in 1903 to British colonists in Bengal, India, Orwell received his education at a series of private schools, including Eton, an elite school in England. His painful experiences with snobbishness and social elitism at Eton, as well as his intimate familiarity with the reality of British imperialism in India, made him deeply suspicious of the entrenched class system in English society. As a young man, Orwell became a socialist, speaking openly against the excesses of governments east and west and fighting briefly for the socialist cause during the Spanish Civil War, which lasted from 1936 to 1939. Unlike many British socialists in the 1930s and 1940s, Orwell was not enamored of the Soviet Union and its policies, nor did he consider the Soviet Union a positive representation of the possibilities of socialist society. He could not turn a blind eye to the cruelties and hypocrisies of Soviet Communist Party, which had overturned the semifeudal system of the tsars only to replace it with the dictatorial reign of Joseph Stalin. Orwell became a sharp critic of both capitalism and communism, and is remembered chiefly as an advocate of freedom and a

  • Word count: 17458
  • Level: GCSE
  • Subject: English
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A Critique of New Social Movement Theory.

A Critique of New Social Movement Theory There appears to be a high level of consensus among European students of social movements about trends in the recent past. Two parallel and opposed developments have occurred. On one hand, labour movements, concerned to improve workers' material conditions, have declined in significance. On the other hand, new social movements, concerned with such oppressions as those around gender, sexuality and race and with such pathologies of modernity as militarism and environmental degradation, have become more important. This consensus, which began to emerge in the early 1980s, was not accidental. That period witnessed the rapid growth of peace movements, and the increasing prominence of the Green movement in West Germany and elsewhere. Around the same time most of the advanced economies of Europe, North America, and Japan experienced significant declines in levels of strike action. Reflecting on these dual and opposing trends, social movement theorists sought explanations to encompass both developments. Why were New Social Movements (NSMs) becoming more important while labour movements were declining? Out of their reflections, in an intellectual context marked by a discrediting of traditional Marxism, there appeared a paradigmatic account, which this article critically reviews. The Paradigm At the risk of over-simplification, there

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  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Social studies
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Consider George Orwells Nineteen Eighty-four from a Marxist perspective.

Jon Kinsella Theoretical & Critical Perspectives 15/2/2012 Consider George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four from a Marxist perspective. In Nineteen Eighty-four, Orwell purposely challenges the set of pre-established notions about class consciousness held in Marxism to accentuate his own socio-political values. Marx and Engels assert in their Communist Manifesto1 that, “Its [the upper class/bourgeoisie’s] fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable” and that “[The] organisation of the proletarians into a class, and consequently into a political party, is continually being upset again by the competition between the workers themselves. But it ever rises up again, stronger, firmer, mightier.”2 Marx and Engels’ clearly believe, in any oppressive and despotic society, the working class will ultimately become conscious of how it is being exploited and spark a revolution. However, in Nineteen Eighty-Four, Orwell presents us with a unique situation, which purposefully and distinctively contrasts to that perspective by representing the working class ‘Proles’ as no threat whatsoever to the upper class “Inner Party” and “Big Brother’s” continuous totalitarian regime. “It is an abiding characteristic of the low that they are too much crushed by drudgery to be more than intermittently conscious of anything outside their daily

  • Word count: 17197
  • Level: University Degree
  • Subject: Linguistics, Classics and related subjects
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The Impact of Stalins Leadership in the USSR, 1924 1941. Extensive notes

The Impact of Stalin’s Leadership in the USSR, 1924 – 1941 AQA HIS2L Stalin’s personal rule The sources of Stalin’s strengths: Stalin’s rise to power did not begin with Lenin’s death. His positions within the party had already given him significant influence. . As General Secretary, Stalin ran the party machine, meaning he occupied probably the most important position in the USSR and he could decide promotions to party positions (Lenin enrolment) 2. As a member of the Politburo, Stalin was one of the small group of leading communists who met regularly to make policy. These were the decision makers of the USSR. 3. As a member of the Secretariat and Orgburo, Stalin was also responsible for carrying out policy decisions and monitoring the members of the party. 4. Between 1917 and 1923, Stalin was Commissar for Nationalities. He supervised party officials in non-Russian republics like the Ukraine. 5. As head of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Inspectorate, Stalin supervised the work of all government departments. In theory, the Bolshevik party ran the whole country. The struggle for power after Lenin’s death was partly about policy, and partly about personalities. Stalin won the personal and policy battle. The policies he introduced or associated with his name were more in keeping with soviet needs at the time. Stalin’s strengths in the power

  • Word count: 12649
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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Stalins Russia, 1924-53 revision guide

Unit 1D4: Stalin's Russia, 1924-53 A: The Struggle for Power * Lenin was very ill for many months before his death in January 1924. During this time the Party elite continued running the country. There was no mechanism for replacing Lenin. * Stalin was given responsibility for supervising Lenin's treatment by the Central Committee. No one visited Lenin as much as Stalin. However, Stalin offended Lenin by being rude to his wife. * Lenin and Stalin also disagreed about foreign trade, which Lenin wanted to keep in the hands of the government, but Stalin wanted to relax. Lenin also disagreed with Stalin's treatment of the independence movement in Georgia, which had been suppressed. * Lenin died January 1924. The Politburo - Rykov, Tomsky, Kamenev, Zinoviev, Trotsky and Stalin announced their intention of ruling as a collective leadership. * Stalin put Trotsky at a disadvantage by appearing at Lenin's funeral as chief mourner and delivering the oration. Trotsky later claimed that Stalin had given him the wrong date, so he did not attend the funeral. * This was the beginning of Stalin's successful promotion of the 'cult of Lenin' and 'Leninism'. Stalin successfully associated himself with the authority and philosophy of Lenin. He portrayed himself as Lenin's disciple. * May 1924 Thirteenth Party Congress. The content of Lenin's Political Testament was revealed secretly to

  • Word count: 11066
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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UNIT 6: PAPER 6b: THE SOVIET UNION AFTER LENIN

UNIT 6: PAPER 6b: THE SOVIET UNION AFTER LENIN . Did Stalin preserve or destroy Lenin's legacy? A. Stalin and his struggle for power: the 'left' and 'right' opposition groupings Lenin was virtually incapacitated from 1922 onwards. In 1922 he had dictated his 'Political Testament' in which he discussed the other Bolshevik leaders and their strengths and weaknesses. * Trotsky was guilty of an 'excess of self-confidence'. * Stalin could not be trusted to wield power with 'sufficient caution'. * Kamenev and Zinoviev had opposed revolution in October 1917 because they lacked revolutionary zeal. * Bukharin was regarded as theoretically suspect and thus likely to deviate from the Party line. * In 1923 Lenin added more about Stalin. Stalin was described as 'disloyal, intolerant, discourteous and rude' and called for his dismissal as Party General Secretary. The Bolsheviks were keen not to repeat what they saw as the mistakes of the French Revolution. * The French Revolution had ended up as a military government led by Napoleon. * Trotsky, as leader of the Red Army, was thus regarded with suspicion by most of the other leading Bolsheviks, in case he led a military coup. * An informal group - Stalin, Kamemev and Zinoviev combined to limit the influence of Trotsky. * Trotsky had only joined the Bolsheviks in 1917, having previously been a Menshevik, and was thus viewed with

  • Word count: 7549
  • Level: AS and A Level
  • Subject: History
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