Discuss the negative impacts of Urbanisation
Discuss the negative impacts of Urbanisation Many small town dwellers and villagers had left their hometown for the cities in search of higher standard of living. This movement from rural areas to big cities is called urbanization. Thus, urbanization is the process by which there is an increase in the number and the proportion of people living in the urban settlements and the amount of industrialization of the settlement. It also refers to the increase in the size of land area occupied by urban settlements such as towns and cities. Although urbanization has brought about numerous positive impacts, it also has its share of disadvantages as well. The nature and scale of impact, be it positive or negative, will vary depending on the level of development of the country. The negative impacts of urbanization shall be discuss via the economic , environmental, social and cultural aspect. The main negative economic impact of urbanization is unemployment. With massive migration from rural areas, jobs in the urban area may not be created fast enough to meet the needs. Therefore, the first problem faced by newly arrived migrant in the urban area is finding a job. While it is true that opportunities exist in cities, it is also true that the competition for these opportunities is fierce as there are more demands for jobs than are available. This is made even more difficult because
descrive the biological importance of water
Making up between 70 and 95% of the mass of a cell, and covering over three quarters of the planets surface, water is one of the most important compounds on this planet. A single water molecule is made up of one oxygen atom covalently bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Covalent bonds are formed by sharing electrons between the outer shells of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms. However, what makes water so unique is the fact that it remains a liquid at room temperature. Many similar sized molecules (ammonia has a molecular mass equal to that of water-18) remain in their gaseous form at this temperature. The reasons for this unique thermal property are hydrogen bonds. The nucleus of an oxygen atom is larger and therefore contains many more protons that that of a hydrogen atom. Therefore, the electrons shared in the covalent bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms have a greater affinity for the oxygen atom than either hydrogen atom. This pulls the electrons closer to the oxygen atom and away from the hydrogen atoms resulting in the oxygen atom having a slightly negative charge and the hydrogen atoms developing slightly positive charges. These slight charges mean that when water molecules are close together, positively charged hydrogen atoms are attracted to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of a different water molecule. These attractions are known as hydrogen bonds and
Data Analysis - Osmosis in Potatoes
G.C.S.E. Biology Data Analysis - Osmosis in Potato Chips Contents Page . Aim.............................................................................................................. 3 2. Results........................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Tables 2.2 Graphs 3. Analysis....................................................................................................... 5 4. Evaluation................................................................................................... 6 5. Conclusion.................................................................................................. 7 6. Bibliography................................................................................................ 8 . AIM The purpose of this experiment was to analyse the effect of osmosis in potato chips (cut slices) and then be able to explain the significance of this in the human body. I predicted that as the concentration of the solute was increased, the mass of the potato would decrease because of osmosis. 2. RESULTS 2.1 Tables Potato No. Concentration (M) Start mass (g) Finish mass (g) Change in mass (g) % change in mass Average % change in mass A1 0.0 .79 2.01 0.22 2.29 9.68 A2 0.0 .79 .94 0.15 8.38 A3 0.0 .79 .94 0.15 8.38 B1 0.5 .79 .86 0.07 3.91 5.40 B2 0.5
Biology Revision notes - Human Biology
Blood Pressure * Each time your heart contracts, it pumps blood into out arteries. * The blood needs to be under pressure so that it reaches all the parts of the body. A pulse - this is the recoiling of the arteries. Arteries are elasticised so that when blood is pumped, they expand and then contract. * The fitter you are, the lower your heart rate is because your heart is more efficient. * Pressure is created due to the blood pressing against the arteries and this is known as blood pressure. Blood pressure appears as a fraction and is measures in mmHg: Systolic: the heart contracts and pumps - The highest pressure on the arteries. Diastolic: the heart is relaxes and doesn't pump - The lowest pressure on the arteries. (mmHg - millimetres/mercury) Blood pressure is affected by: * Weight - being overweight increases the risk of high blood pressure * Exercise - strengthens heart muscles and keeps the heart fit * Diet - avoid salty and fatty foods * Temperature * Alcohol * Stress * Smoking - narrows blood vessels * Inheritance * Age - blood pressure increases with age * Underlying diseases High Blood Pressure Can cause: * An artery to burst * A stroke * A heart attack * Death High blood pressure means that the blood is pushing too hard against the artery walls. This damages the artery lining and allows fat and calcium to build up and form a plaque.
Discuss how modern technology aids an athlete's preparation for competition
Discuss how modern technology aids an athlete's preparation for competition Modern technology has become increasingly involved and important in preparing an athlete for competition. New machines and facilities are constantly being developed in order to make sure that athletes have the best possible advantage over other athletes. This can be in terms of using state of the art gym equipment, training at the most advanced facilities, having access to hypoxic tents and other such equipment or resources that allow coaches and athletes to analyse their own performance. It can be argued that modern technology has both positive and negative consequences for sport and athletes. One of the ways in which athletes have benefited from modern technology is by the specific feedback they can now have regarding their performance. For example, underwater cameras have been developed for swimming, which allows the swimmers' every stroke to be watched and analysed from under the water, and from this feedback can be given by the coach and swimmer themselves about how to improve and make their stroke even more effective. However, it can be argued that these cameras shouldn't be used as they can be dangerous; in the 2004 Olympics, Sarah Price badly hurt her leg due to getting it caught on an underwater camera during warm up. Furthermore, there are also issues with grants given. Many small swimming
How employee performance is managed and measured at a business
Assignment 4-How employee performance is managed and measured at a business .0 Introduction I will write a report regarding an employee working at Tesco, and analyse how Tesco look at their employees and review their performance and see how they manage them. This is so that they can get the best performance out of them, as different people need different ways of managing them. This leads to performance improvement, the measures leading companies use to effectively manage employee development, rewards and recognition, recruitment and selection, and employee satisfaction and morale. 2.0 Findings 2.1. How Tesco manage and measure a performance of an employee Tesco is a global company and for them to remain one of the best they must man manage their staff, and measure how well they are performing as an employee, this not only benefits the company as sales will be better but also the employee can see what areas they are exceeding at, but also what areas they can improve upon. Performance Management- There is many approaches that Tesco take upon to the development of a sound performance management system with employees. Tesco believe that an employee must have clear work plan objectives that are aligned with the goals of the company, measurements to assure whether an objective has been achieved, such as has the employee reached their sales total of the day. An assessment of
p1: explain the purpose and role of research for the health and social care sector
P1: Explain the purpose and role of research for the health and social care sectors. Research is an intellectual investigation to get a greater knowledge or understanding of events, behaviours and theories. Research is very active and systematic process of inquiry aimed at revising, discovering and interpreting facts and also for law establishment and theories. Many organisations have research as an essential tool, though it is exceptional in the health and social care industry. Research in health and social care is for: * Demographic. Prior to planning the delivery of services. Establishing population patterns and statistics. * Epidemiology. Exploring patterns of disease. * Quality assurance. Feedback from service user about service. * Hypothesis. Exploring theories. * Knowledge. To extend understanding of theories * Reviewing and monitoring changes in practice. When health and social care practitioners are planning a new service they need to do research which focuses on the demographic data such as: population size, age, gender etc. This is so the practitioners can predict and plan for the future. Epidemiology investigates the cause, prevalence and spread of disease. Therefore the feedback from this research is very important and it is to help develop strategies to prevent and treat diseases. An example of this research is the United Kingdom Childhood Cancer
Biology notes
AQA GCSE Biology Unit 2 Summary Notes 2.1 Animal and Plant Cells Cells * Cells are the smallest unit of life. * All living things are made of cells. * Most human cells, like most other animal cells, have the following parts: o nucleus o cytoplasm o cell membrane o mitochondria o ribosomes * Plant cells also have: o cell wall o chloroplasts o permanent vacuole What do these structures do? * Nucleus - controls the activities of the cell. * Cytoplasm - where most of the chemical reactions take place. * Cell membrane - controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell. * Mitochondria - where most energy is released in respiration. * Ribosomes - where protein synthesis occurs. * Cell wall - strengthens plant cells. * Chloroplasts - absorb light energy to make food in plant cells. * Permanent vacuole - filled with cell sap in plant cells. Other facts: * The chemical reactions inside cells are controlled by enzymes. Examples: o Enzymes for respiration are in the mitochondria. o Enzymes for photosynthesis are in the chloroplasts. o Enzymes for protein synthesis are on the ribosomes. * Cells may be specialised to carry out a particular function. Examples: Tissues, organs and systems * A tissue is a group of similar cells carrying out a particular function. * An organ is a group of different tissues carrying out a particular function. *
Outline and evaluate Bowlbys theory of attachment
Outline and evaluate Bowlbys theory of attachment According to Bowlby and his theory (also known as evolutionary theory), children have an innate drive to b and his ecome attached to a caregiver. Bowlby suggests that this is the way that all infants are 'programmed' as it is a way of ensuring the survival and reproduction. Bowlby would suggest that this attachment is very important for later-development and has a key impact on the relationships they form. According to this theory, infants and carers have innate programming to become attached, something known to physiologists as 'social releasers'. One of these many social releasers is called the 'sensitive period', an essential period in the second quarter of the first year, where it is most effective to form an attachment with the infant. Anything after these months, Bowlby would suggest, becomes increasing difficult to form a strong attachment. The 'sensitive period' is seen as one of the strengths of Bowlbys evolutionary theory. This is from a conclusion of research carried out by Hodges and Tizard who found that children which had not formed any attachments had later difficulties with peers. Another 'social releaser' for Bowlby's theory 'the continuity hypothesis'. This is the idea that emotionally secure infants go on to be emotionally secure, trusting and socially confident adult if a positive and similar
Plan: The effect of the end product, phosphate, on the enzyme phosphatase
The effect of the end product, phosphate, on the enzyme phosphatase . Plan Phosphatase enzymes release phosphates from a variety of substrates for synthesis of nucleotides, phospholipids, etc. They are found in both plant and animal tissues and can be classified as acid or alkaline depending on their optimum pH. In this experiment an acid phosphatase from potato was used. Hypothesis Since phosphate is a product of phosphatase activity, it may act as an end product inhibitor of the phosphatase enzyme, therefore slowing down the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Background knowledge Enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up the metabolic reaction inside the cells. Enzymes are proteins and therefore can function because of their specific 3D shape. The active site is part of the molecule which allows the substrate to enter and form enzyme-substrate complex. If the shape of the active site changed, the substrate will not fit in, therefore the enzyme cannot function properly. The activity of enzyme is not only affected by temperature, pH, but also by enzyme inhibitors. These are the substances which can reduce the activity of enzymes. There are two types of enzyme inhibitors which refer to competitive and non-competitive inhibitor. Competitive inhibitor is a molecule which has a similar shape to the substrate, competing with the substrate for the active site of the enzyme and
