'To what extent does psychological research support Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory?'
'Rehearsal is the key to understanding human memory.' 'To what extent does psychological research support Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory?' 'Learning is the acquisition of knowledge and memory is the storage of an internal representation of that knowledge.' Blackemore (1988) The multi-store model consists of three main stores - the sensory memory store, the short-term memory (STM) store and the long-term memory (LTM). The sensory memory transfers information to STM. It is made up of five stores, one for each sense. The model sees STM as a crucial part of the memory system as without it information cannot get into or out of the LTM. Information can only be stored into LTM by passing through STM and can only be retrieved from LTM by entering STM. Rehearsal is the repetition of information in order to retain it in the STM. The multi-store model states that the longer information is in the STM and the more it is rehearsed, the more likely it is to be transferred to LTM. There is some evidence to support this view. In one particular experiment, participants were asked to rehearse a list of items out loud. In general, the more frequently an item was rehearsed the more likely it was to be recalled from LTM (Rundus, 1971). However, evidence from everyday situations implies that rehearsal is a lot less important than the multi-store model suggests. Eysenck & Keane (1995)
Eyewitness testimony is an important area of research within cognitive psychology and human memory.
Shinbert Aisam Homework 7th September 2012 Eye Witness Testimony Eyewitness testimony is a legal term that refers to an account given by a person about an event they have witnessed. For example they may be required to give a description about a trail of a car accident they have witnessed. This includes identification of criminal also details about the crime scene. Eyes witness began hundred years ago but it only started to take off in 1970s. It is one of the strongest pieces of evidence in criminal trials all around the world and is generally seen to be a reliable and helpful source of evidence for the jury. However sometimes innocents citizens are accused and convicted on the basis of eyewitness evidence. This happens because the human memory is not perfect and eyewitnesses sometimes just get it wrong also the brain is always making stuff up and people don’t usually doubt their memory. It appears that when a new object is mentioned it is integrated into the old memory and subsequently indistinguishable from what was originally seen. Eyewitnesses may provide detailed accounts of events and the amount of detail has been found to correlate with the likelihood of a conviction (Bell and Loftus, 1989). The first known case of a psychologist testifying in a court of law as an
MBA Essays: Chicago GSB application
Chicago GBS Essays .a. Why are you seeking an MBA from University of Chicago GBS? The experience of working for four years in consulting, and six years in two major national banks, enables me to cope with the most important strategic operational organizing and commercial aspects of sales networking and achieve good managerial results. Now I think it's the right time to make a move up and improve my technical and managerial abilities as well as relationship and global networking, in order to acquire more complete competences. I am aware of the fact that now I should tackle new challenges. This is very important in the present market, where changes are very complex and rapid and a continuous updating is necessary. In fact, changes in products and in the processes of manufacturing are essential conditions for companies to survive. From experience we know it is not the biggest enterprises that prevail, but the ones that are most efficient and able to use the most advanced techniques as well as more suitable and updated management. I have been monitoring E-MBA programmes and I must say that Chicago GBS is the one closest to what I am looking for: - a European campus (it is headquartered in London, the most advanced European city which I appreciate a lot for its international character), - the Nobel tradition of the world famous University of Chicago GBS, - the
To what extent does research evidence (theory and/or studies) support the view that short term memory and long term memory are separate stores?
Jessica May Psychology To what extent does research evidence (theory and/or studies) support the view that short term memory and long term memory are separate stores? Research evidence, theory's and studies supports the views that suggest long term memory and short term memory are separate stores. Short term memory is a system for storing information for brief periods of time. Some researchers (e.g. Atkinson and Shiffrin 1968) see short term memory simply as a temporary storage depot for incoming information, whereas others (e.g. Baddeley 1986, 1990) prefer to use the term 'working memory' to indicate its dynamic, flexible aspects. Long term memory, on the other hand, holds a vast quantity of information which can be stored for long periods of time. The information kept in this store is diverse and wide ranging and includes all of our personal memories and general knowledge. Many studies have been conducted to support the views that short and long term memory are different stores. In 1966 Baddeley carried out a study of encoding in short term memory and long term memory. Baddeley aimed to support earlier research that showed short term memory was largely based on acoustic code, and to find out whether either short term memory or long term memory was also acoustically coded. In addition, the study explored whether short term memory and long term memory was semantically
'It is clear from psychological research into memory and eye-witness testimony that accounts of eye-witnesses are entirely unreliable.' Critically consider some relevant psychological research (studies and/or research)
'It is clear from psychological research into memory and eye-witness testimony that accounts of eye-witnesses are entirely unreliable.' Critically consider some relevant psychological research (studies and/or research) and the extent to which such research supports the view in the quotation. Eyewitness testimony (EWT) refers to the descriptions given in a criminal trial by individuals who were present at the scene of a crime. This includes identification of perpetrators, important details and peripheral details There have been many studies done by different psychologists into memory and forms of forgetting; some of these can be used in the argument for whether or not eyewitness testimony is reliable. The reconstructive nature of memory is related to the schema theory. A schema is a package of memory that is organized and developed throughout our lives. Schemas are stored in long term memory. Most people have similar schemas and this was recognized by Bower, Black and Turner (1979) when they asked several people to recall the schema for the most important things they do when they go out to a restaurant for a meal. They found out that most people put the same main aspects in their schemas. As early as 1895 J.M Cattel reported a study indicating poor recall for frequently observed events. In one study Cattel asked his students about the previous weeks weather. It had snowed,
essays Stay Young and I Want a Wife
The essays "Stay Young" and "I Want a Wife" can be both compared and contrasted. In the essay "Stay Young" Mannes says " The more time a woman spends on herself, the less time she has for others...(307)" Mannes says that women are trying to be perfect for themselves and not spending time with their families. In the essay "I Want a Wife" Brady says that all women are devoted to their husbands. Brady thinks that all of a women's time is spent waiting on their husbands and not doing anything for themselves. "Stay Young" and "I Want a Wife" are coming from opposite sides on the issue of how women spend their time and what is important. The essay "Stay Young" says that women don't care enough about their families and the things that were important in their lives like hobbies, jobs, children, etc... In the essay "I Want a Wife" Brady says the opposite. She says that women care too much about their families and not enough about them selves. All of their time is spent running their household and making sure that both her kids and husband are well taking care of. Both of these essays contradict each other because "Stay Young" says that women care too much about themselves and not enough about their families. "I Want a Wife" says that women care to much about their families and not enough about themselves. Both of these essays also compare. They both illustrate how women are
The topic of the present research is the influence of categorization on perceptual memory for facial expression.
Background The topic of the present research is the influence of categorization on perceptual memory for facial expression. When people talk about others' emotional expressions, they may use specific emotion categories, such as sad, happy and angry. However, categorization is affected by a number of factors, and this in turn leads to different perceptions of the same facial expression. Different perceptions of the same facial expression further motivate and justify different types of behaviour. Therefore, the present research tried to investigate how emotion concepts affect perceptual memory for emotional expressions. There was only one previous study which has directly tested contextual effects in the perception of facial expressions of emotion (Woll and Martinez 1982, as cited in Halberstadt and Niedenthal, 2001). It was found that people erred in recognizing facial expressions in the direction of the incorrect labels. However, these errors only happened for facial expressions from the pleasant and middle range of the emotion continuum, but not for those ranked as unpleasant originally. Moreover, these errors occurred only after a 15-minute delay, but not after a 1-minute delay. Therefore, there are some weaknesses in Woll's and Martinez's experiment. Hypotheses The present research tested the hypothesis that using specific emotion concepts, such as happy, angry and sad,
Memory Test
Memory Test Introduction Research Method: Laboratory experiment Design: Repeated measures Aim Is recall of information improved when it is processed at a deep level rather than a shallow level? Background Research Atkinson and Schifrin proposed that memory can be thought of as a process which memory is divided into structural components including short-term memory (STM) which has a limited duration, and long-term memory (LTM) which has an unlimited duration. According to Atkinson and Schifrin's theory, information is passed from short-term to long-term memory through the process of rehearsal or repetition. Craik and Lockhart projected a different way of interpreting the evidence that short-term and long-term memory, are two different stores. They claimed that the idea of rehearsing information did not clarify whether or not the information gets stored in LTM. For information to be stored in LTM then the materials have to be deeply processed; however if the material is processed briefly then it would not be registered in LTM. Craik and Lockhart say that memory is a by-product of the way we process information. According to Craik and Lockhart, the more deeply we process information, the more likely we are to remember it. The three levels of processing they describe are: Level 1 - Structured, or Shallow level Visual - What the word looks like E.g. Is the word
Memory Revision
Psychology Revision - Memory Definitions within Memory Memory * The mental process used to encode, store and retrieve information. Encoding * Encoding involves changing the information presented into a different form. Since words or other items in the short term store are rehearsed or repeated, we might assume that they are encoded in terms of their sound (acoustic coding). In contrast, the information we have stored in the long term memory nearly always seems to be stored in terms of its meaning (semantic coding). * Encoding takes many different forms; visual, auditory, semantic, taste and smell. Capacity * The short term store has very limited capacity, about 7 items. In contrast the capacity of the long term memory is assumed to be so large that it cannot be filled, it is said to have unlimited capacity and lasts potentially forever. Duration * Information lasts longer in the long term store than in the short term store,. There is evidence that in the short term store, if not rehearsed, information will disappear within about 18 - 20 seconds and in contrast there is evidence that elderly people can recognise the names of fellow students from 48 years previously. Storage * As a result of encoding, the information is stored in the memory system; it can remain stored for a very long time maybe a entire lifetime. Retrieval * Recovering information from
Flashbulb memory
Flashbulb Memory Brown and Kulik proposed a theory of the formation and maintenance of FBMs. According to their theory, FBMs form in situations where we encounter surprising and highly emotional information. They are maintained by means of overt rehearsal (involving discussion with others) and covert rehearsal (private rehearsing or ruminating). They differ from other memories in that they are more vivid, last longer, and are more consistent and accurate. In order for them to be created, they require the involvement of a specialised neural mechanism which stores information permanently in a unique memory system. Brown and Kulik (1977) asked 80 American participants (40 white and 40 black) to answer questions about 10 events. Nine of the events were mostly assassinations or attempted assassinations of well-known American personalities (e.g. J.F.K, Martin Luther King). The tenth was a self-selected event of personal relevance and involving unexpected shock e.g. death of a friend or a serious accident. Participants were asked to recall the circumstances they found themselves in when they first heard the news about the 10 events. They were also asked to indicate how often they had rehearsed the information. These events were expected to cause FBMs. The assassination of J.F.K in 1963 led to the highest number of FBMs with 90% of the participants recalling its reception context in
