'To what extent does psychological research support Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory?'
'Rehearsal is the key to understanding human memory.' 'To what extent does psychological research support Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory?' 'Learning is the acquisition of knowledge and memory is the storage of an internal representation of that knowledge.' Blackemore (1988) The multi-store model consists of three main stores - the sensory memory store, the short-term memory (STM) store and the long-term memory (LTM). The sensory memory transfers information to STM. It is made up of five stores, one for each sense. The model sees STM as a crucial part of the memory system as without it information cannot get into or out of the LTM. Information can only be stored into LTM by passing through STM and can only be retrieved from LTM by entering STM. Rehearsal is the repetition of information in order to retain it in the STM. The multi-store model states that the longer information is in the STM and the more it is rehearsed, the more likely it is to be transferred to LTM. There is some evidence to support this view. In one particular experiment, participants were asked to rehearse a list of items out loud. In general, the more frequently an item was rehearsed the more likely it was to be recalled from LTM (Rundus, 1971). However, evidence from everyday situations implies that rehearsal is a lot less important than the multi-store model suggests. Eysenck & Keane (1995)
The Biological model
Outline & evaluate the Biological/Medical Model and consider its strengths and weaknesses. The biological model assumes that all mental illnesses have a physiological cause. One assumption of the biological model is genetic inheritance; it assumes that genes have a major effect on the likelihood of developing a mental illness. Illnesses can be inherited by parents and relatives. Kendler et al found that relatives of SZs were 18 times more likely to develop the illness than a matched group. Another assumption is biochemistry, this is chemical imbalances in the brain are involved in certain disorders; neurotransmitters play an important role in behaviour. It has been found that an excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine has been linked to SZ. Finally infection is a common cause for physical illness; Barr et al found a significant link between mothers who had influenza whilst pregnant and their child developing SZ. As there are physiological causes of abnormality therefore the treatments are physiological these are Drugs, ECT, which involves a small electric shock being sent to the brain causing a small seizure/convulsion and psychosurgery. Where electrodes are inserted into the brain and the infected part of the brain tissue is 'burnt' away. There are many strengths and weaknesses with this approach, firstly it is a humane approach unlike the cognitive approach, and the
Outline and Evaluate the biological model to Abnormality.
Aleksander Filipczak Outline and Evaluate the biological model to Abnormality. The biological approach sees mental disorders being caused by abnormal physiological processes in the body. Therefore, any abnormality must have specific causes that happen in some bodily malfunction or genetic factors etc. For this model, the cure is to remove such the root cause, thus returning the body's status to "normal". This model is called the biological or medical model, due to the reason that it approaches mental illness diagnosis with a similarity to that of physical illnesses. Due to the model being very scientific in nature of investigation and understanding the psychological illness, it is most widely accepted model to psychological abnormality around the world. The biological model states, that all mental disorders are related to some change in the body, such as brain damage, genes, infection or biochemistry. Many abnormalities with the brain might occur due to genetic inheritance, which means that the abnormality was passed down from parent to child. A way of investigating this is by studying pairs of identical twins. They can be compared to each other (due to identical genetic structure) , and therefore see, that if abnormality is passed down by genetics, if one twin has a disorder, then the second should also have it, which gives us concordance rates. Research suggests that
T o what extent does the Demographic Transition Model provide a reliable and accurate representation of Europe's demographic past? What are the main problems of measuring the chief variables in the model?
T o what extent does the Demographic Transition Model provide a reliable and accurate representation of Europe's demographic past? What are the main problems of measuring the chief variables in the model? The demographic transition is a term that describes the complex process of passage from disorder to order and from waste to economy. Demographic growth takes place with varying degrees of intensity within a fairly large strategic place, therefore rates of growth or decline can lead a population to rapid expansion or extinction. During the past two centuries western populations have passed through all phases of the trajectory of the modern demographic cycle. In Europe population has multiplied fourfold, life expectancy has increased from 25-35 to 75-80, the average number of children per woman has declined from 5 to less than two and both fertility and mortality rates have declined from 30-40 per 1000 to approximately 10 per 1000. Thus significantly altering the demographic structure. In this essay I intend to discuss the extent to which the Demographic Transition Model provides a reliable and accurate representation of Europe's demographic past. Demographers describe the history of population growth in Western Europe in terms of a process of "demographic transition," a model that charts three aspects of population growth. The model describes how the separate factors that
Explain how economists model how an increase in government expenditure can lead to a greater increase in national income.
Explain how economists model how an increase in government expenditure can lead to a greater increase in national income. Ans. National income is the total amount of wealth that accrues to the permanent residents of a country as a result of the production of goods and services within a country during the course of a year. It is important to measure national income because it shows whether the standard of living in a country is rising or falling and it can be used as a means of comparison between other countries. It is also useful to measure income against past income in the same country to see whether the economy is growing or declining. An increase in government expenditure is an injection in the circular flow on income. An injection is an addition to the circular flow of income. The diagram above illustrates some of the injections and leakages in the economy. It is however very important to find out exactly what will be the effect on the economy from an increase in injections. Economists do this by calculating the multiplier effect of the increase in the government expenditure on the economy. The multiplier indicates how many times that the injection of original spending circulates through a local economy. As a result of re-spending, it benefits the local people. The formula for calculating the multiplier effect is 1/(1-MPC). When there is an increase in the
To retain recall, which is more beneficial, rote rehearsal or imagery?
To retain recall which IS MORE beneficial rote rehearsal Or IMAGERY L. WADE 2.02.02 TRURO COLLEGE TUTOR; DR C.A. DE BRULLER. CONTENTS Pg No. ABSTRACT 1 INTRODUCTION 2 - 4 METHOD DESIGN 5 PARTICIPANTS 5 MATERIALS 5 - 6 TASK & RESEARCH 7 RESULTS BAR CHART- GRAPH 9 SUMMARY OF RESULTS & 9 VERBAL RESULTS 9 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION 10 -11 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 STANDARDIZED INSTRUCTIONS 12 APPENDIX 2 LIST OF 20 NOUN SYLLABUS WORDS 13 APPENDIX 3 PARTICIPANTS SIGNATURE SHEET (ROTE) 14 APPENDIX 4 PARTICIPANTS SIGNATURE SHEET (IMAGERY) 15 APPENDIX 5 SUMMARY OF STATISTICS & CALCULATIONS 16-19 APPENDIX 6 WRITTEN EXAMPLE FROM PARTICIPANT (ROTE) 20 APPENDIX 7 WRITTEN EXAMPLE FROM PARTICIPANT (IMAGERY) 21 REFERENCES: 22 ABSRACT This investigation is similar to Bowers (1972) study where he investigated the two conditions of Rote rehearsal and Imagery. An independent groups design was selected to represent in my experiment because there was a restriction in the amount of time available. An opportunity sampling which consisted of a single blind technique was used. Thirty members within the residential area of Helston were chosen to take part in this procedure. This incorporated them taking part within a memory maintenance and elaborative rehearsal
The demographic transition model accounts for the rise and fall in population, the birth rate, death rate, population size and growth.
Population growth is ultimately decided by the amount of births and deaths, and the balance of the main inputs and outputs of population, inputs to the population being births and immigrants, outputs being the deaths and emigrants. The proportion to which is what really matters. The demographic transition model accounts for the rise and fall in population, the birth rate, death rate, population size and growth. Different cultures, society's and geographical places have different reasons for being either under or over populated. For example, the Philippines, a mainly catholic country, is very overpopulated, because of the religion of the vast majority of the country, they don't use contraception or family planning, and so families can end up having many more children than is the 'norm' for say England, where the average number of children per household is 2, whereas, in the Philippines the average number of children per house is 5, and so the population rises. However, in places like Canada, where the population is around 33,000,000 people, so why does Canada have a low population density? It's because Canada is such a large country, the whole population is distributed very sparsely and there are only 3.4 people in a km 2. Canada is in stage four of the DTM, this means that: * The birth rate is falling * The death rate is low * There is no population growth * And the
Use the aggregate supply-aggregate demand (AS-AD) model to examine the effects on real GDP and the price level of increases in American tourism to the UK.
Hamit Keswani Keswani .)Distinguish between the short-run and long-run aggregate supply curves, and explain why they are important for the definition of a macroeconomic equilibrium. Use the aggregate supply-aggregate demand (AS-AD) model to examine the effects on real GDP and the price level of increases in American tourism to the UK. The aggregate supply and aggregate demand model helps building up our knowledge of the three factors of macroeconomic performance which are: explain fluctuations in economic activity and how economic agents respond to economic events, provides a basis for understanding movements in the price levels (inflation), and it also helps us understand the process of economic growth. Aggregate supply and aggregate demand are concepts that help us determine the real GDP and the price level (GDP deflator), other things remaining the same. The quantity of real GDP supplied (Y) depends on three important things: The quantity of labour (N), the quantity of capital (K), and the state of technology (T). In order to explain this better we have to study in depth the two aggregate-supply branches: long-run aggregate supply and short-run aggregate supply. The long-run aggregate supply curve is the "relationship between the quantity of real GDP supplied and the price level in the long run when real GDP equals potential GDP"( Parkin, 2000, page 465) . The
This assignment will focus on the characteristics of the social and medical model of mental illness. The assignment will demonstrate professional judgement, accountability of a social worker and statutory requirements of protection and intervention for a
Assessment 2. Using the directed reading and other appropriate literature and research, compare and contrast the medical and social model of mental health and mental disorder. Critically evaluate how the identified reading and other literature can inform a social work practitioner's understanding and practice. This assignment will focus on the characteristics of the social and medical model of mental illness. This assignment will demonstrate an understanding of how adults and cares experience mental health and social problems. The assignment will demonstrate professional judgement, accountability of a social worker and statutory requirements of protection and intervention for a social worker working with people who are suffering from a mental illness. According to Golightley (2004) there are several theories about mental disorder but the two main theories are the medical and non-medical models. The medical model or disease model has been the dominant model of mental disorder from around 150 years ago when the state employed the medical profession to manage and treat mental disorder (Golightley 2004). The medical model views mental disorder as a physical illness, which can be medically treated in a medical institution (Beech 1991). Beresford (2002) pointed out that 'this approach is based on a deficit model that presumes health problems primarily arise from within the
Does the demographic transition model still provide a 21st century framework for looking at demographical change in countries which are experiencing development? To what extent is the tool really useful or should we make it obsolete?
Does the DTM still provide a 21st century framework for looking at demographical change in countries which are experiencing development? To what extent is the tool really useful or should we make it obsolete? The demographic transition model is a means to calculate how countries will move from having high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. It should allow us to predict the stages a developing country will have to pass through before it is fully industrialised. These changes are dependant on an array of social and economic factors for instance improved education, changes to women's roles (e.g. emancipation), better diet and enhanced healthcare. The demographic transition model is the result of compiled data, such as, birth rate, death rate and population from industrialised countries (mainly Europe and America). The DTM consists of 5 sections; there were originally 4 stages but the 5th was recently added when countries that were already considered to be fully developed continued to develop and change, making it necessary to modify and update the model. In stage 1 birth and death rates fluctuate at a high level (about 35 per 1000) giving a small population growth. Stage 2 is characterised by high birth rates but rapidly falling death rate to about 20 per 1000 people giving a rapid population growth. In stage 3 birth rates fall rapidly, to about 16 per 1000
