Investigating the forces acting on a trolley on a ramp
Physics coursework Investigating the forces acting on a trolley on a ramp Contents Page 3 -> Method Page 4 -> Theory Page 7 -> Results Page 9 -> Error Page 18 -> Appendixes Method The aim of the investigation was to investigate the forces acting on a trolley as it rolled down a ramp, and also to investigate the factors which may contribute to the results. To do this, a trolley and a ramp set at a variety of angles of incline were used, and then, using a light gate, the speed at which the trolley was moving when it passed through the light gate was calculated. The variables were the starting distance of the trolley in relation to the light gate and the angle of the ramp. Firstly, the equipment was set up as in fig. 1. The trolley was then run down the ramp with a piece of card attached to the side. This card was of a known length and could hence be used to calculate the velocity at which the trolley was moving. While the light gate did actually calculate the velocity, it only gave the answer to 2 decimal places, whereas it gave the time to 2 decimal places. Furthermore, the light gate calculated the velocity with the assumption that the card was exactly 100mm, whereas when the card was actually measured, this was a value closer to 102mm (±0.5mm). Next, after the trolley had passed through the light gate, the information from that 'run' appeared
Find out if enzymes work faster or slower at different temperatures.
Nick Spong Biology 10/11/03 Introduction This is the plan and evaluation of an experiment to find out if enzymes work faster or slower at different temperatures. We will be timing how long it takes to see a cross through 20cm3 of Marvel milk solution at three different temperatures. We will be using the enzyme neutrase to break down Marvel milk. Hypothesis My hypothesis (theory) is that at temperatures over 40°c the neutrase will be increasingly denatured and the milk will not clarify. Under 40°c the neutrase will be slowed down. However I predict that at 40°c the neutrase will be working well as this temperature is near its optimum temperature and so the milk will decolorize the fastest. I have made my prediction based on the following evidence: The reason that the milk will decolorize or do anything at all is because neutrase is an enzyme. Enzymes are biological catalysts. This means that they are a biological life form that catalyses (speeds up) a process. They have an optimum temperature and pH. Both of these have to be almost exactly right, otherwise their performance deteriorates rapidly. In high temperatures the enzyme will be denatured and will not work even if you bring the temperature back down. However, at low temperatures, and low and high pH's, all you have to do is bring the environment close to the enzyme's optimum environment and the enzyme
Research question - Is using dogs for work ethical?
Dog behaviour CDA Introduction There are many ways that animals are connected to our lives. Some of us have them as pets, and even people who don't have a pet still have products (such as medicine) that have been tested on them. According to a website called 'The vegetarian site' very well known companies such as 'Max factor', 'Vaseline' & even 'Kleenex' have products that are animal tested. Some people protest that animal testing is not ethical because of the pain the animals have to endure for our benefit, but others argue that a lot of the medicine we have now wouldn't of existed if it hadn't of been so. A lot of argument has also gone into the concept of conditioning. We condition animals and even people without noticing we are doing it. Dogs are trained to sniff drugs in an airport and even children have a daily bed time that they are used to. So when J.B Watson sprung a debate about ethics when he conditioned Little Albert (who was just a baby at the time) to be afraid of rats and other things that looked similar, he had opened a controversy. Does there have to be pain to gain? Or will we ever find out if a dog thinks it is ethical for itself to be entered into a race? We were studying at school the behaviour and characteristics of animals that are similar to those of human beings alongside the ethics to support the current world debates & trends. This particular
How does the concentration of a sucrose solution affect the rate of Osmosis in Potato Cells?
Jennie Lace 10c How does the concentration of a sucrose solution affect the Rate of Osmosis in Potato Cells? PLAN I have chosen to investigate how the rate of osmosis taking place in potato cylinders varies when I change the concentration of the surrounding sucrose solution. I will vary the concentration of sucrose in the solution, and carry out various measurements on the potato cylinders before and after the experiment, to see what affect changing the concentration has had. I predict that with the lowest concentration of sucrose, the potato will increase in mass, because of water moving into the cells. The percentage increase will then get smaller each time I increase the concentration of sucrose in the solution. At some point, the mass of the potato will not increase, and will be the same as it was before (when there is no net flow of water particles in or out of the potato cells). After this, the mass of the potato will start to decrease as I keep on increasing the concentration of the sucrose solution. At some point the potato cylinders will lose all the water that they are able to, and the percentage mass loss will stop decreasing. This is what I expect the graph of my results to look like: Osmosis is the movement of water particles from a weak solution (a hypotonic solution) to a strong solution (a hypertonic solution. It happens through a selectively
Language Aquisition Notes
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Theorists * Cognitive - Jean Piaget - can only understand lang when you understand concept (e.g. can talk in past tense when you know about time) * Behaviourist - Skinner learn through imitation - doesn't explain where new sentences come from * Nativist - Chomsky - Language Acquisition Device (LAD) - works out what is/isn't acceptable lang use using innate programmed patterns (which are general). exact rules learnt through trial and error. His theory supports the fact that children around the world seem to develop at a similar pace, irrespective of race/culture/mother tongue. (This also 'defies' Skinner's model) Also, the fact that there is a universal grammar amongst all languages of the world. & the fact that children consistently create new forms of language that they would not have heard before. * Conversely, John Macnamara - said that rather than having an in-built language device, children have an innate capacity to read meaning into social situations. It is this capacity that makes them capable of understanding and learning language, not the LAD. * Interactive - caretaker, motherese etc - slower pace than adult convo, simplified, repetition, short sentences, often caretaker asking 'where is___?', 'that's a___', tag questions to involve child ('isn't it?') * Example for importance of social interaction: Bard and Sachs. Studied a boy
Sainsbury's organizational structure.
Task 3 (E4, C2, A1) Sainsbury's organizational structure Businesses are structured into different into ways according to the way they operate and according to their culture. The structure of business can affect the way it works and performs. You need to understand the differences between the following types of structure: * Tall * Flat * Matrix * Hierarchical Flat and tall structure:- The term 'scalar chain is a rather old fashioned one and stems from the days when large organizations were bureaucratic, with lots of layers between the top and bottom. Scalar chain refers to the number of levels within the structure or hierarchy of an organization. The scalar chain set out the authority, responsibility and the framework that determined superior and subordinate relationships. The idea of setting out everyone's role and position is to make it clear who is responsible for what, and that there is clear line of authority. Matrix structure:- A matrix structure can be used to combine the grouping method we have identified. In such a matrix it is probable that each member of the organization will belong to two or more groups. A matrix is thus a combination of structures, which enables employees to contribute to a mix of activities. The matrix enables the organization to focus upon a number of aims at the same time, and gives it the flexibility to respond to new markets where
To determine the water potential of a potato tuber cell using varying salt solution.
Aim To determine the water potential of a potato tuber cell using varying salt solution. Introduction Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules from a region where it has higher water potential to a region where it has lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane1. As osmosis is a type of diffusion the same things that affect diffusion have an effect on osmosis some of theses things are: * The concentration gradient - the more the difference in molecules on one side of the membrane compared to the other, the greater the number of molecules passing through the membrane and therefore the faster the rate of diffusion2. * The surface area - the larger the area the quicker the rate of diffusion * The size of the diffusing particles - the smaller the particle the quicker the rate and polar molecules diffuse faster than non-polar ones3. * The temperature - the higher the temperature the more kinetic energy the particles have and so the faster they move. From the diagram4 we can see the process of osmosis in a simple expression. On the right side there is pure water, which has the maximum water potential of 0. Water potential is the pressure created by water. As you can see from the diagram the pure water is pushing its way through the semi permeable membrane at a high pressure. This is its water potential. Water potential is measured in kilopascals (kPa)
Has Neofunctionalism Been Superseded By A New 'Liberal Intergovernmentalism" As Currently The Most Convincing Theoretical Explanation of European Political Integration?
Has Neofunctionalism Been Superseded By A New 'Liberal Intergovernmentalism" As Currently The Most Convincing Theoretical Explanation of European Political Integration? From an ambitious project originally envisaged to remove the catastrophe of war from such a war-torn continent, the European project has proceeded in 'fits and starts'. Since its inception, there has been much debate regarding what forces drive the integration process forward. Why now, when interstate war in Europe seems impossible, do member states continue to 'pool' their sovereignty in so many areas? Two theories have dominated previous attempts to answer the question of "how and why states cease to be wholly sovereign, how and why they voluntarily mingle, merge and mix with their neighbours, so as to lose the factual attributes of sovereignty."1 Neofunctionalism, the idea that the integration process, once started, develops its own momentum for further integration, saw the height of popularity in the 1960s, following the initial success of the ECSC/EEC and the hugely influential theoretical explanation by Ernst Haas. The second theory, Liberal Intergovernmentalism, surfaced in the 1990s and was championed by Andrew Moravcsik. It saw flaws in neofunctionalist thinking and instead offered an alternative account in which the integrative process was always, and remains, in the hands of national governments;
Is the MMR vaccination safe?
Contents 2 Introduction 3 How does MMR give immunity? 4 How was MMR tested for safety? 5 What about the side effects? 6 Is there a link to autism and bowel disease? 7 Are separate vaccinations a better alternative? 0 What about mercury in vaccinations? 2 Are homeopathic substitutes an alternative? 1 Conclusion 2 Bibliography and References 3 Introduction MMR is a combined, live, attenuated vaccination which is given to children firstly at 13 months and then again as a booster at 3 years 4 months. It provides immunity against three diseases caused by viruses: measles, mumps and rubella. The diseases are all extremely unpleasant and can lead to serious complications (26). * Measles is an extremely infectious virus that usually causes high-fever, a rash and generally feeling unwell and will usually last for around five days in children, however sometimes longer in adults. One in every fifteen children will have serious complications, such as chest infections, fits and encephalitis (the swelling of the brain which can lead to brain damage). In extreme cases it can even be fatal. In 1987, the year before the MMR vaccination was brought into the UK 86,000 children caught measles and 16 died (1). * Mumps is another virus which also causes a fever, but also headaches, swollen glands in the face, neck and jaw and it can even result in permanent deafness and
The Role of Energy in the Body and the Physiology of Three Named Body Systems in Relation to Energy Metabolism.
The Role of Energy in the Body and the Physiology of Three Named Body Systems in Relation to Energy Metabolism. I am going to describe the role of energy in the body and the physiology of three named body systems in relation to energy metabolism. Also I am going to explain the physiology of three named body systems in relation to energy metabolism. Energy Metabolism. Metabolism is the sum of all the chemical reactions occurring in human physiology and these will involve using or releasing energy from chemical substances. Roles of Energy in the Body. Energy is necessary for muscular activity and movement as you probably already know, however, energy is also necessary: * to circulate blood, lymph and tissue fluid throughout the body; * for breathing and taking in oxygen; * for making new cells for carrying out growth and repair; Also, * it is used to transmit nerve impulses so that we can respond to changes in the environment and; * it is needed to build different complex molecules such as enzymes and hormones from the simple molecules produced after diagnosis of food. Energy Supply to the Cells. The activities involved in energy supply include the roles of the: * Cardiovascular; * Respiratory, and; * Digestive systems. Further through I will be talking about the above in more detail but first, here is an overall view. The digestive system is responsible
