Enthalpy of Combustion of Alcohols
Chemistry Coursework Investigation Enthalpy of Combustion of Alcohols Procedure . Put 150³ of cold water in an aluminium calorimeter and record its temperature. 2. Support the calorimeter over a spirit burner containing the ethanol you are going to burn. Arrange a suitable draft exclusion system to reduce heat loss. 3. Weigh the burner and Alcohol. 4. Replace the burner under the calorimeter and light the wick. 5. Stir the water with a thermometer. 6. When the water temperature has risen by between 15 and 20ºC extinguish the burner but continue to stir it until the temperature stops rising. Record the highest temperature reached. 7. Reweigh the burner to find the mass of the alcohol that has been burned. 8. Repeat the experiment at least once more. 9. Now repeat the whole experiment 2 times but you have to use Methanol the first time and Butanol the second time instead of Ethanol. Aim: The aim for this experiment is to find the Enthalpy of combustion of 3 different alcohols Ethanol, Methanol and Butanol by doing that I'm going to prove my theory. How I will collect valid results in my planned experiment I am planning was to do the experiment I will be very carfully in following the procedure I always will be wearing impervious clothing.I will be tryingto keep the wind as low as possible by
In this report the effects of fire and explosion are examined based on quantitative analysis using calorimetric methods.
Explosion and Fire Name: Andrew Holmes Student Number: 2103086 Course: BSc Forensic Science Year: 2 Unit: Fire and Explosion Date: 17/04/03 Summary In this report the effects of fire and explosion are examined based on quantitative analysis using calorimetric methods. The report focuses on a series of four tests using calorimetric instruments to obtain measurements, which are examined in a quantitative fashion. These tests are: the oxygen index test, the bomb calorimeter, the flash point test, and the flame stability test. The oxygen index for the various materials, calculated from the experimental results were found to be 16.67, 27.77 and 26.6 for Calico Med, Polyester and wool mix respectively. The flash points determined from the experimentation were, 99.5 oC, 72.0 oC and 70.5 oC for Cyclohexanone 99%, 4-Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2-Pentanon 99% and an unknown hydrocarbon respectively. The maximum flame speed for a natural gas-air flame in a horizontal tube was calculated to be 0.68ms-1, at a stiociometric ratio of 10:1, from the flame stability calculations. After calculations using data obtained from the bomb calorimter, the enthalpy of combustion for Perspex was determined to be 16.55 Kj.kg-1. .0 Introduction A fire is the results of a number of reactions between a combustible material (fuel) and oxygen, which may be from a variety of sources, most
Physics - Delphi Automotives Needle Lift.
AS Physics Coursework Unit 3: Delphi Automotives Needle Lift: A Fuel injector is electronically controlled valve, which contains amongst other things a tightly coiled spring and a needle (see diagram: however this is a electromagnetic fuel injection system). A pump connected to the fuel injector pushes highly pressurised fuel down to the bottom of the injector, causing pressure to build up. When the pressure reaches around 1600 bar (1,600,000,000 Nm-2), the needle is forced upwards, creating a hole in the injector. The fuel then, moves from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure, dispersing. The tiny nozzle is designed to atomise the fuel, which aids combustion (due to greater surface area). This process is completed a vast number of times per second. Diagram: For many years the Hall effect was not applied practically due to the generated voltage in the metal was so extremely low. However towards the second half of the twentieth century the mass production of semiconductors came underway. Chips based on the Hall effect inexpensive and so were able to be used in a wide range of instances The Hall effect Integrated Circuit is a very small chip that is made up of many transistors. It consists of a thin layer of silicon as a Hall generator (which works to a greater efficiency than gold) and several transistor circuits: to amplify the Hall voltage to the
Which fuel has the most energy?
Science GCSE Coursework Which fuel has the most energy? Aim: The aim of this exercise is to find out, which fuel has the most energy. The fuels that I will be testing are Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, Butanol and Pentanol. All of these fuels are alcohols. Prediction: I think that Pentanol will be the fuel that will have the most energy. I have made this prediction because I worked out the energy needed in each bond and then how much energy is needed in the balanced equations I drew up for each fuel. Here are the bond energies: C-H 413KJ/mol C-C 347KJ/mol C-O 335KJ/mol O-H 464KJ/mol O-O 498KJ/mol C-O 805KJ/mol Here are the balanced equations: Methanol: CH3O-H + O2 ----- Co2 + H2o Ethanol: C2H5O-H + O2 ----- Co2 + H2o Propanol: C3H7O-H + O2 ----- Co2 + H2o Butanol: C4H9O-H + O2 ----- Co2 + H2o Pentanol: C5H11O-H + O2 ----- Co2 + H2o Once I had the bond energies I could work out how much energy there was in each fuels structure. H Methanol: H - C - O - H = CH3 O - H H C-H: 3 413 = 1239 C-O: 1 335 = 335 O-H: 1 464 = 464 Total = 1239 + 335 + 464 = 2038KJ/mol H H Ethanol: H - C - C - O - H = C2H5O-H H H C-H: 9 413 = 3717 C-C: 3 347 = 1041 C-O: 1 335 = 335 O-H: 1 464 = 464 Total = 2065 + 347 + 335 + 464 = 3211KJ/mol H H H Propanol: H - C - C - C - O - H =
One World Crude Oil
One World Crude Oil Essay Andres Valencia Aug-Oct, 2004 Crude is a term for "unprocessed". Crude oil is unprocessed oil which is widely found underground. Crude oil is also well known as petroleum. Crude oil is a fossil fuel which is naturally made by the decaying of animals and plants that might have lived millions of years ago. Anywhere you find crude oil is somewhere where there was a seabed. Crude oils vary in colors. It can be clear as well as a tar-black. And its thickness can be from water to almost solid. Crude oil is mainly made up of 84% Carbon, 14% Hydrogen, 1-3% Sulfur, less than 1 % Nitrogen, less than 1% Metals, less than 1% of Salt and less than 1% of Metals. The crude oil I extracted from under the ground by placing a drilling platform within the sea drilling out the crude oil. Many things can be extracted from crude oils such as petroleum gas, naphtha, gasoline, kerosene, gas oil, lubricating oil, fuel oil and the residuals. Petroleum gas is used for heating cooking and making plastics. It's also common by the names: methane, ethane, propane and butane. It is often a liquid pressurised to create LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas). Naphtha or also called Ligroin it's a part of crude oil that is in the process of being able to be made into gasoline. Gasoline is a well known part of crude oil. It is always used to produce engine fuel for the cars to work.
The Vulcanization of Rubber
The Vulcanization of Rubber "A Short Description Vulcanization is the process in which rubber is heated at high temperatures and sulfur is added to give it certain qualities such as strength, elasticity and resistance to solvents as well as moderate heat and cold. The process involves the formation of cross-links between the polymer chains of the rubber's molecules. During vulcanization polymer molecules are linked to other polymer molecules by atomic bridges composed of sulfur atoms or carbon to carbon bonds. The end result is that the springy rubber molecules become cross-linked an extent. This makes the bulk material harder, much more durable and more resistant to chemicals. It also makes the surface of the material smoother and prevents it from sticking to metal or plastic chemical catalysts. This heavily cross-linked polymer has strong covalent bonds, with strong forces between the chains, and is therefore an insoluble and infusible, thermosetting polymer. The process was invented by Charles Goodyear in 1839 who was showing off his latest concoction of gum-and-sulphur at a general store. When he was ridiculed, he waved his fist in the air and a bit of the substance flew off to land on a hot stove. When Goodyear scraped it off he noticed an elastic rim had formed at the edge of the hardened material. He had just got a glimpse of vulcanization rubber. He reasoned
Titration experiment - write up
To analyse a solution of dilute sulphuric acid and calculate the concentration of acid it contains Aim: To determine the precise concentration of sulphuric acid solution, using a solution of accurately known strength, called a 'standard solution'. Introduction: A titration is a laboratory technique used in chemical analysis. A solution containing an unknown quantity of a known substance is placed in a conical flask, and a solution of known strength is then added from a burette. 1 The addition of this solution continues until an end point of the titration is reached. This is signified by a colour change in an indicator (or some other visible effect) and at this point the titration is stopped. The equivalence point of the titration occurs when the two solutions have reacted exactly. An indicator is a substance that changes colour when the reaction is complete. In an acid - base titration, the indicator is one colour at one pH and a different colour at another pH. The indicator I will be using is methyl orange. I will be using sodium carbonate, as it is suitable for use as a primary standard for titrations of strong acids. The strong acid I will be using is sulphuric acid, which is a strong mineral acid. It is soluble in water at all concentrations. It has many applications, and is one of the top products of the chemical industry.2 A problem is that it produces acid rain.
Physics Report on a Visit to the Royal Naval Engineer College
Britannia Royal Naval College Visit Report Introduction On the 28th March 2006, our physics group visited the Dartmouth Royal Naval Engineer College where we found out more about engines and materials, connecting to several aspects of physics. One of the aspects is the energy accounting of diesel engines for the ships. The engine needs power to operate and it gets that from the fuel, the efficiency of the engine can tell us how much power is used to heat up the engine, and how much power is wasted as noise our shaking of the engine. Efficiency (in %) = Another important aspect is the mechanics of materials and how they can be tested for making metal cables. As in order to quantify the effects of various types of loads on a material it's often necessary to know the mechanical properties of the material. These properties are often determined from standardised tests. Finding out the stress, strain and Young's Modulus is very important as they quantify the tensile strength of a material, playing a big part in making cables. * When we apply a force to a material, it's being subjected to stress (). * When a material is subjected to a tensile or compressive force it changes in length; strain () is the change in length per unit length. When stress and strain are proportional they are obeying Hooke's Law. Tension ? extension or Stress ? strain The Elastic Constant
Hydrocarbons As Fuels.
Written by: Mohammed Ali Zaini Year: 12 AS Teacher: Miss Perry Introduction Hydrocarbons as Fuels Crude oil/Petroleum Petroleum is another name for crude oil. Its name refers to the fact that it occurs naturally Pockets within rocks; the word petroleum means 'rock oil'. Crude oil in its natural form is a thick, tarry substance that is difficult to ignite. In its raw state it isn't very useful; it needs to be processed to separate out its most valuable constituents such petrol, lubricating oils, heating oil and power station fuel. Crude oil is also the source of the raw materials used to make detergents, plastics, paints, antifreeze, synthetic rubber and medicines. Seventy per cent of organic chemicals are produced from crude oil and a massive 3000 million tonnes of crude oil products are used worldwide every year. Where does crude oil come from? Over 400 million years ago, much of the Earth was covered in sea. Life had envolved but it consisted of primitive cells such as bacteria algae and single-celled animals and plants. There were no larger organisms; this was 200 million years before the appearance of the dinosaurs. Although the individual organisms were small, there were vast numbers of them and they grew and reproduced rapidly in the warm oceans. As they died, they sank to the bottom and formed thick layers of decomposing organic material. Over many years, layers
In this investigation I am going to burn five different alcohols in order to heat up a beaker of 100ml3 water. The alcohols that I will be burning are methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol.
Burning alcohols INTRODUCTION - In this investigation I am going to burn five different alcohols in order to heat up a beaker of 100ml3 water. The alcohols that I will be burning are methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol. The burning of alcohols involves an exothermic reaction because heat is given out. Therefore the reactant energy is greater than that of the product. PLANNING - Aim: The aim of this investigation is to investigate the amount of heat produced by burning five different alcohols (which are listed above). Variables: The independent variable (things you change) will be the five different alcohols which I will investigate to see the amount of heat produced. I will measure their mass in g using an electrical weigher. The dependant variables (things you measure) are the increase in temperature, the mass before and after the experiment of the five variables, changing the water after every experiment and adjusting the clamp on the stand while using different alcohols as the spirit lamps differ in height from each other. The fixed variables (things you keep constant) are the amount of water used to heat, the same sized copper calumeters and the same change in temperature of water. Equipment list: - five different alcohols in spirit lamps: methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and pentanol which are the variables I am investigating - thermometer
