The effect of concentration on the activity of catalase.
Title: The effect of concentration on the activity of catalase. Brief Introduction: This experiment will look at the effect of varying the concentration of the enzyme, catalase on its performance. Potato will be the source of catalase. Hydrogen peroxide is a toxic substance that may be formed during aerobic respiration. It must be removed from the system and catalase breaks it down into harmless substances. The equation for the reaction is: 2H2O2 --> 2H2O + O2 Hypothesis: Increasing the concentration of the enzyme, catalase will increase the volume of oxygen produced per unit of time. The nature of the problem to be investigated is the factor that is effecting the rate of the reaction and what effect this factor will have on the rate of reaction when it is increased. In this investigation, the factor effecting the rate of the reaction is the concentration of the enzyme. Increasing the concentration of the enzyme, catalase will increase the volume of oxygen produced per unit of time. The reason for this is as follows. For a chemical reaction to take place, the substrate molecules must collide with the enzyme molecules and to be specific, must result in a successful collision. This is called the collision theory. Increasing the enzyme concentration will increase the number of molecules. This will increase the frequency of collisions and increase the chance of
Investigating the affect of concentration on the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid.
Anna Belcher Chemistry Investigating the affect of concentration on the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid Background Knowledge In this investigation I will be measuring the rate of reaction between magnesium and hydrochloric acid. The rate of a reaction tells us how quickly a chemical reaction happens. Reaction Rate = change in volume, mass or concentration of substance Time taken There are two ways to measure the rate of a reaction, by observing how quickly the reactants are used up or by observing how quickly the products are formed. Measurements of the rate of reaction can be taken in three main ways: * Measuring the rate of precipitation * Measuring the volume of gas * Measuring the change in mass The results gained from these experiments can be drawn on a graph, which enables the rate of reaction to be worked out. In a chemical reaction atoms are rearranged. In order for a reaction to occur the molecules must collide by coming together. However not all collisions are effective. This is because in gases and liquids, particles are constantly moving causing millions and millions of collisions every second. If there were a reaction every time molecules collided all chemical reactions would only take a few seconds. This is why only a small fraction of the collisions between the particles have an effect. When particles collide head on and are
What factors affect the activity of urease? What are the kinetics of the urea-urease reaction?
Chemistry Coursework What factors affect the activity of urease? What are the kinetics of the urea-urease reaction? Aim: To investigate closely the factors that can affect the activity of urease. The effect of concentration and temperature can be studied over a period of time leading to the order and activation enthalpy of the reaction. Introduction: UREASE (NH2)2CO + 3H2O ----------> 2NH3 (aq) + CO2 (g) Urease is an enzyme found in microorganisms, invertebrates, and higher plants. It catalyses the hydrolysis of urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide. In some bacteria and invertebrates this reaction is the final step in the breakdown of complex nitrogenous compounds before ammonia is excreted. Method: Quench with known volume and concentration of HCl to stop the reaction. Some of the acid will react with the ammonia produced by Urease to determine the amount of HCl used up. Contents of the flask are titrated with standard Sodium Carbonate solution using methyl orange indicator. From the results of this titration, the amount of HCl that did not react with the ammonia can be found by substituting the amount of HCl used to neutralise ammonia can be found. Background Knowledge: An enzyme, such as Urease, is a protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up the rate at which a biochemical reaction proceeds but not altering the direction or nature of the reaction. An
Investigate the rate of a catalysed reaction, when altering the temperature of the solution and identify the optimum temperature.
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE RATE OF A CATALYSED REACTION. AIM:-The aim of this investigation is to investigate the rate of a catalysed reaction, when altering the temperature of the solution and identify the optimum temperature. I will see if increasing or decreasing the temperature will make the rate of reaction faster or slower. In my experiment, I will be using the enzyme amylase and the substrate starch. What is the rate of reaction? In general, rate of reaction is defined as the amount of reactant used up per second, or the amount of product produced per second. This means that we can measure the rate of reaction by working out how the concentration of the reactant changes with time, or how the concentration of the product changes with time. The formula to work out the rate of reaction is:- RATE = Change in amount or concentration of substance Time taken There are many factors which can effect the rate of reaction. The four main factors are temperature, surface area, concentration and pH. Equation. The equation for a general rate of reaction between the substrate and enzyme is:- Enzyme + Substrate > Enzyme Substrate complex > Enzyme + Product (Transition state) The equation that I will be working on is:- Amylase + Starch > Amylase + Maltose > Amylase + Glucose What is happening in the equation is that the enzyme amylase is breaking down
Investigating the Effect of Different Concentration Of Acid Rain On The Rate Of Reaction Between Acid Rain And Magnesium.
Investigating the Effect of Different Concentration Of Acid Rain On The Rate Of Reaction Between Acid Rain And Magnesium Planning Experimental Procedures Background Scientific Information: Acid Rain is a form of air pollution in which airborne acids produced by electric utility plants and other sources fall to Earth in distant regions. The corrosive nature of acid rain causes widespread damage to the environment. The process that leads to acid rain begins with the burning of fossil fuels. Burning, or combustion, is a chemical reaction in which oxygen from the air combines with carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, and other elements in the substance being burned. The new compounds formed are gases called oxides. When sulphur and nitrogen are present in the fuel, their reaction with oxygen yields sulphur dioxide and various nitrogen oxide compounds. In the United States, 70 percent of sulphur dioxide pollution comes from power plants, especially those that burn coal. In Canada, industrial activities, including oil refining and metal smelting, account for 61 percent of sulphur dioxide pollution. Nitrogen oxides enter the atmosphere from many sources, with motor vehicles emitting the largest share-43 percent in the United States and 60 percent in Canada. These acid pollutants reach high into the atmosphere, travel with the wind for hundreds of miles, and eventually return to the ground
Investigating the factors that affect the rate of hydrogen peroxide.
Investigating the factors that affect the rate of hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen peroxide is found in the body as a waste product of respiration, it is broken down by the enzyme catalase, which is found in all cells of the body. The enzyme is present to prevent the build of hydrogen peroxide, which is toxic; it acts a catalyst to speed up the break down of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen: One molecule of catalase is able to break down 40,000 molecules of hydrogen peroxide per second. The kinetic theory of matter summarizes al of the ideas about the movement of particles in solids, liquids and gases, the main points concerning liquids (the state of hydrogen peroxide) are summarizes below: * All matter is composed of tiny, insoluble particles. * In liquids, the particles are slightly further apart than in solids and possess larger amounts o f energy. Thus they are able to overcome the forces between each other to some extent and can mover freely around each other whilst in close proximity. The liquid particles have vibrational and rotational and translational motion. * An increase in temperature causes an increase in the average kinetic energy of particles. The kinetic energy is manifested as vibrational, rotational, and translational energy in liquids. According to the Brownian motion, particles in a liquid are moving around constantly colliding with each other. In
Investigating Rates of Reactions
Chemistry Experiment Coursework Investigating Rates Of Reactions Objective: My aim is to devise an experiment to measure the effect of changing one variable on the rate of reaction between magnesium ribbon and dilute hydrochloric acid; Mg(s) + 2HCl (aq) › MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) I will be conducting several experiments with different values of a chosen variable and will be comparing/calculating gradients using graphs and results, to see the effect on changing one variable to a reaction and justifying the outcome of the experiment, by thoroughly evaluating and analyzing the results and ultimately concluding to see if my experiment was a success or not. i) PLAN: First of all...what is "the rate of a reaction"? The rate of a reaction is the change in concentration of reactants or products in unit time. We can see how the rate of a reaction changes under different conditions by measuring the rate at which the reactants are used. ) The different possible ways of measuring the rate of the reaction: i) Measuring the volume of gas as time goes on using a gas syringe; * As the magnesium reacts with the HCl, hydrogen is produced, and we are able to measure the amount of hydrogen using the gas syringe every x seconds for x minutes/seconds either until the set time period has been achieved or once all of the magnesium has been able to react with the HCl. There are
Exothermic and endothermic reactions
Chemistry Exothermic and endothermic reactions Heat is given out in an exothermic reaction. We know this because the surroundings get warm. In an endothermic reaction, energy is taken in from the surroundings. The surroundings then have less energy than they started with, so the temperature falls. An equation can be used to show that some of the bonds in the reactants break during the chemical reaction. New combinations of bonds are made as the products form. Making and breaking of bonds involves energy. You need to supply energy (heat) to break bonds, so bond breaking is endothermic. When new bonds are made energy (heat) is released to the surroundings, so bond making is exothermic Energy level diagrams We can show these energy changes on an energy level diagram. * The atoms and molecules here have been drawn on levels so that the atoms at the top have more energy than the molecules at the bottom. * Look at the arrows and note that in this reaction, although energy is needed to break up the reactant molecules, even more energy is given out while forming the product molecules. * The length of each arrow is roughly proportional to the amount of energy put in or given out. * Each kind of bond has an energy value called the bond energy. This is the energy needed to break or make a particular type of bond. Bond energies are measured in kilojoules per mole of bonds.
How does changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid affect its rate of reaction with magnesium?
How does changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid affect its rate of reaction with magnesium? Aim: The aim of this experiment is to find out how changing the concentration of hydrochloric acid will affect its rate of reaction with magnesium. The rate of a chemical reaction is the time it takes for the reactants to react. I.e. in this experiment I will be monitoring how long it will take for magnesium to react in different concentrations of hydrochloric acid. Explaining chemical reactions In order for a chemical reaction to occur, the following needs to take place: > The particles involved need to collide with each other. > The collision needs to have sufficient energy called activation energy. > Particles have to be in the correct orientation (right way round). There are four factors which affect the rate of reaction between two chemical reactants. . Concentration: Increasing the concentration of a reactant, increases the rate of reaction. This is because, in a higher concentration, there are more particles per unit volume, which means that there is a greater chance of a successful collision. Therefore the rate of the reaction between the two reactants will increase. 2. Temperature: Increasing the temperature of a reactant, increases the rate of reaction. This is because a higher temperature means a higher energy level. This makes particles move faster, which
Investigating the Rate of Reaction Between Hydrochloric Acid (Hcl) and Magnesium (Mg).
CHEMISTRY COURSEWORK PLANNING AIM: INVESTIGATING THE RATE OF REACTION BETWEEN HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCL) AND MAGNESIUM (Mg). SCIENTIFIC THEORY AND THE VARIABLES A rate of reaction is measuring how fast two substances can react to form two new substances in a set period of time. The measurement of the reaction can take place by finding out how much of a new substance is formed. In most cases, and as in my experiment, the volume of gas produced can be recorded. In other experiments the mass of a solid or the volume of a liquid can be found. A reaction takes place because bonds are broken and new ones are formed. In my investigation I am reacting hydrochloric acid with magnesium. This will form magnesium chloride and hydrogen. The formula is: HYDROCHLORIC ACID + MAGNESIUM MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE + HYDROGEN The balanced symbol equation is: 2HCl (aq) + Mg (s) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) This means that the hydrogen bond with the chlorine is displaced by magnesium, therefore forming magnesium chloride. This proves that magnesium is higher in the reactivity series than hydrogen. Knowing that the reaction takes place through the displacement of bonds between magnesium and hydrogen one can prove another vital point. That is, that the hydrochloric and magnesium atoms must come in contact for the reaction to take
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