Country information on Bulgaria.
Bulgaria Raya Racheva Form 4KN Transition Year Project St Andrew's College February 2003 Bulgaria Table of Contents Introduction 1 Geography 2 Location 2 Climate 3 Relief 3 Mountains 3 Flora and Fauna 6 Waters 7 People and Language 9 History 13 Customs and Traditions 41 New Year 41 "Triffon Zarezan" 41 The First of March 42 The Third of March 43 Mummer's Celebrations 43 Day of Humour 43 "Lazarovden" 44 "Tsvetnitsa" 44 "Velikden" 45 "Gergyovden" 46 The Day of the Slavic Alphabet 46 The Day of Botev 47 The Rose Celebration 47 Christmas 47 Red Wine in Bulgarian Culture 47 "Rakiya" Making 48 Culture and the Arts 50 Literature 50 National Costumes 52 Crafts 53 Architecture 54 Music 55 Dance 56 Conclusion 57 Introduction When I first came to Ireland, I knew almost nothing about the country. I went to live in a place that was unknown to me. I still know only a few things but they are not enough for a person who lives in the country. I need to know the history, the influences, the towns, of the rivers, the mountains. I discovered new types of characters, traditions, new language and religion. St. Andrew's College has students from forty-three other nations. I am one of them and I am the first Bulgarian, as I heard, in the history of the school. So I want to present my country to the others. This will be both educational for me and
Discussing the biblical historiography of images of the Jew in the ancinet world
ABBREVIATIONS........................................................................ .........3 . 0 INTRODUCTION...........................................................................3 1.1 JEWS IN THE DIASPORA...............................................................4 i. Exiles in Babylon ................................................................. .........4 ii. Jews in Egypt................................................................................5 iii. The effects of the conquests of Cyrus...................................................6 iv. Discussion....................................................................................6 1.2 SOURCES..................................................................................7 i. Sources for Babylonian history..........................................................7 ii. Sources for Persian history...............................................................8 1.3 VERSIONS OF THE BOOKS............................................................11 i. Septuagint.................................................................................11 ii Vulgate.....................................................................................11 iii Apocrypha.................................................................................11 1.4
The Roman World 509 B.C. To A.D. 180
The Roman World 509 B.C. To A.D. 180 Introduction As the Athenians saw the symbol of their city-state's democracy and culture in the rock-jutting Acropolis, so the Romans viewed the Forum as the symbol of imperial grandeur. Although the buildings in the Forum appear fundamentally Greek in style, they are more monumental and sumptuous. Here, then, are two clues to an understanding of the Romans: they borrowed much from the Greeks and others, and they modified what they took. Rome was the great intermediary - the bridge over which passed the rich contributions of the ancient Near East and especially Greece, to form the basis of modern Western civilization. The Romans replaced the anarchy of the Hellenistic Age with law and order and embraced the intellectual and artistic legacy of the conquered Greeks. As Rome's empire expanded, this legacy was spread westward throughout most of Europe. Rome To 509 B.C. The history of Rome extends from 753 B.C., the traditional date for the founding of the city by Romulus, Rome's legendary first king, to A.D. 476 when another Romulus, Romulus Augustulus, the last Roman emperor in the West, was deposed. The first period in this span of more than a thousand years ended in 509 B.C. with the expulsion of the seventh and last of Rome's kings, Tarquin the Proud, and the establishment of a republic. Geography And Early Settlers Of Italy
In this project, we would like to present to you our findings and research on the Four Great Beauties of China.
INTRODUCTION: In this project, we would like to present to you our findings and research on the Four Great Beauties of China. We have chosen on this particular topic because firstly it interests us and the fact that in the long historical background of China, much has been said about the political aspects of China but little has been covered regarding the cultural aspect, especially the 4 Great Beauties, which made us decided to look further into this remote topic. There has been quite an avalanche of books in English on China and the Chinese but comparatively few have been written on the women of ancient China. The Four Great Beauties of China are Xi Shi, Wang Zhao Jun, Diao Chan and Yang Guifei. This four women have been extolled by people for their exceptionable and breath-taking beauty which has been said to bedazzle the rulers of the states whom they served, but physical beauty aside, they have been said to have made noble self-sacrifices for the good of their country. Included in this report is a detailed historical background of each of these four respectable ladies and their impact and influence upon Chinese culture and even the society today. For Xi Shi, we can see her significance prevailing even in today's society as there is a temple and pavilion built specially to commemorate her sacrifice and simply just to remember all that she has done for China. Wang Zhao
Costumes and Sets in Shakespeare's Theater
Costumes and Sets in Shakespeare's Theater by Starla Brown and Chequita Nelson Any part of the costume was likely to be decorated with braid, embroidery, pinking (pricking in patterns) slashing, or puffing, or it might be encrusted with pearls, jewels, or spangles or trimmed with lace or artificial flowers. Men's clothing, like that of women, was gorgeous with color and ornamentation. The many parts of male attire contributed to the ornate and colorful effect of the ensemble. Men wore hats even indoors. Feathers and jewels were normal ornaments. A small flat cap like a beret with a narrow brim continued to be worn by craftsman and many citizens of London. Masculine hair styles varied greatly. Sometimes the hair was cut closely at the sides, but it could be brushed up and held with gum, or it might be curled all over the head. Shakespeare plays were presented during the warmer months in circular, open-air public theaters. The stage was a platform that thrust into the pit- a standing room area for the lower-class; boxes were situated in three galleries around the theater. In the colder months plays were performed in so-called private indoor theaters for a more elite audience. The acting style for the early Elizabethan plays was heroic and exaggerated, like the plays themselves. One of the most memorable stages of Elizabethan time was the The Globe Theater, a 17th -century
Roman Project
CONTENTS . Introduction a. Who were the Romans b. When and where did they invade c. Pirate trouble 2. The Roman Army a. Who was in the army b. Types of Soldiers c. Types of Regiments d. Uniform and Weapons e. Making a Camp f. Sieges g. Frontiers 3. Roman Roads a. Who Built The Roads b. How Roads Were Built 4. Roman Towns a. Houses b. Forum c. Basilicas d. Amphitheatres e. Baths f. Sewer System 5. Entertainment a. Pastimes b. The Theatre c. Chariot Racing d. Gladiatorial Combat. 6. Conclusion 7. Bibliography INTRODUCTION WHO WERE THE ROMANS The story of the Roman Empire began about 2700 years ago, in small villages on hills above the River Tiber in Italy. The people of these villages founded the mighty Roman Empire. According to legend twin brothers called Romulus and Remus were taken from their mother and left by the river Tiber to starve. A mother wolf found the babies and looked after them until they were old enough to take care of themselves. The boys founded Rome. About 590BC the Romans set up a republic and created a strong army. They began to conquer their neighbours. The capital of this state was Rome, a city built on seven hills. Here was the Forum, or meeting place, and the Senate, or parliament. There were temples, markets, triumphal arches, and villas (large houses). The language of Rome was Latin. In 45BC
Can the term Romanisation describe the cultural and political processes that took place in Athens under the Roman Principate? If yes, analyse the various parameters and how Romanisation manifested. If no, explain the changes and
Can the term 'Romanisation' describe the cultural and political processes that took place in Athens under the Roman Principate? If yes, analyse the various parameters and how Romanisation manifested. If no, explain the changes and the nature of the phenomenon. Content: Page 2: Contents Page Page 3: Introduction Page 4: Constitutional reform Page 7: Athenian numismatics - processes and identity through the study of coins Page 9: The combination of Greek and Roman identities through Ceramics Page 12: Change in Athenian Architecture Page 14: Changes in religious worship Page 16: Other Cultural Processes: Changes in education, festivities and sports Page 18: Changes in Athenian Housing Page 19: Conclusion Page 21: Bibliography - Ancient Authors Page 22: Bibliography - Modern Authors Introduction: In Athens and Rome, we have two of the most keenly studied cities in the ancient world. In 146 BC, the Roman Republic exerted hegemony over Greece entirely, but this was only until 86 BC when Athens was crushed and sacked by Sulla during the Mithridatic wars and, in turn, Greece was annexed into the new Roman Empire in 27 BC as the province of Achaea under Augustus. The approach taken by early to mid 20th century scholars (such as Francis Haverfield) was that after the defeat and subjugation of a culture or people, a phase of 'Romanisation' began in a newly annexed
Women's Lives in Ancient Greece
Women's Lives in Ancient Greece ? Veronica Diaz-Reinhagen From Myth to History Professor Celeste Lovette Guichard ? By and large, Greek women have been regarded as inferior and given fewer opportunities than men throughout history. However, it would be a mistake to generalize about their lives in Ancient Greece. While women were, in fact, considered less worthy than men in their treatment and status; prospects were far from the same in all Greek territories. Furthermore, their legal, economic and social status also varied from one historical age to another. To construct a realistic judgment about what women's lives might have been like is extremely complex. The surviving evidence is not only incomplete; but also generally from Athenian sources only. Since Athens was one of the biggest and most influential cities, early modern scholars assumed that it was safe to use its traditions as an all-purpose model of social behavior. Based on this approach, the lives of Greek women in most city-states would have been very similar to those of the Athenians. In opposition, the customs of Spartans were considered odd and bizarre. Later research, however, looks at the above position quite skeptically and feels that while Spartans were; in fact, more liberal and treated their women relatively better, the Athenians were uncommonly conservative and restrictive in their ways.
To what extent did the Roman annexation of (and influence over) Greece affect Domestic arrangement and approaches towards the stranger?
To what extent did the Roman annexation of (and influence over) Greece affect Domestic arrangement and approaches towards the stranger? Content: Page 1: Title Page Page 2: Contents Page Page 3: Introduction Page 4: Main Body Page 15: Conclusion Page 16: Bibliography - Ancient Authors Page 17: Bibliography - Modern Authors Page 20: List of Illustrations Introduction: Excavations focused upon Greek housing has mainly been dedicated towards the oikos of the Prehistorical, Classical and Hellenistic eras and the subsequent interpretation of spatial segregation and architecture within. However, many Scholars readily admit that there has been far too little analysis of Greek housing during the period of Roman rule from the late Republican era of the middle to late second century BC and onwards into Imperial rule; the impression that is given is that it had turned into a 'cultured backwater' (McKay 1975: 211). The aim in this project is to see how much Roman rule influenced the development of Greek housing in the Aegean. I shall do this by analysing the Roman domus and domestic setting before comparing it with its Greek counterpart and then attempt to make light of the changes the oikos underwent. Main Body: Much of the evidence we have for Roman housing comes from the ancient literary sources. Pliny's (the younger) letters contain a wealth of information about housing in
Peloponnesian Politics: What can the events between the First Macedonian War and the Achaean War tell us about inconsistencies in Roman foreign policy in the Peloponnese and Peloponnesian reactions to it.
Peloponnesian Politics: What can the events between the First Macedonian War and the Achaean War tell us about inconsistencies in Roman foreign policy in the Peloponnese and Peloponnesian reactions to it. Introduction: The Roman world ventured into the Greek world in 229 BC during the First Illyrian War to stop Illyrian pirates sabotaging trading routes across the Adriatic, which led the Republic to establish a protectorate over Greek cities in southern Illyria and Epirus. Roughly eighty years and four Macedonian wars later, the Romans had established hegemony within Greece proper. From such humble beginnings, with a desire to protect Greek autonomy, the situation had turned itself on its head when L. Mummius Achaecus sacked the city of Corinth, defeating the Achaean League in the eponymous war of 146 BC. Over the course of those eighty or so years, the Roman Senate and its legates in the field embarked upon many diplomatic embassies within the Peloponnese, arbitrating between many disputes that arose from there, involving powers like Sparta as well as the Achaean League. I should like to explore Rome's aims behind its diplomatic interventions in the Peloponnese between the Achaean League and the rest of the Peloponnese, the aims of the Achaean League and the other Peloponnesian polities' response to Roman and analyse discrepancies in Polybius' account of the events. Rome's
