How faithfully do the Greek and Latin first declension continue the Indo-European paradigm and how are the changes accounted for?
How faithfully do the Greek and Latin first declension continue the Indo-European paradigm and how are the changes accounted for? The first declension, was originally an adjectival declension, used in I.E. for feminine forms of thematic adjectives. In the daughter languages its use was extended to thematic nouns, so we find in Greek, ???????beside ??????s, in Latin agna beside agnus, which in earlier Latin would have to have been expressed by agnus femina, and in Sanskrit asva beside asvah. This explains why the majority of words in this declension are feminine and also the close relationship between it and the o-stem declension of the ????s type, despite the fact that technically it is an athematic declension. The long a of the stem presumably comes from the I.E. thematic vowel *-e- plus the suffix *H since *-eH C >a. This declension is found in all the daughter languages except Hittite which has no traces of a feminine distinction in nouns or pronouns. Rather strangely for the nominative singular of the a-stem nouns we find the bare stem *-eH . In Greek we find -? or -???in Ionic and in Attic except after ???????? In Latin, as with the nominative and accusative plural of the neuter o-stems we find a short -a. We expect a long -a since the nominative is generally followed by a consonant. (-eH C>aC) This could be under the influence either of the vocative and
The three aspects that made the Colosseum appear massive and humane are its structural elements, seating arrangements and the facilities. The Colosseum is a vast pillarless ellipse structure which allows the audience
Part 1 The three aspects that made the Colosseum appear massive and humane are its structural elements, seating arrangements and the facilities. The Colosseum is a vast pillarless ellipse structure which allows the audience to have clearer visibility while reducing the possibility of stampede of the spectators, trying to view the show. Built with a careful combination of construction methods and supported by strong vaults, the Colosseum is able to bear massive weights. It can accommodate up to 50,000 spectators. The wide arena floor is surrounded by a 15-foot wall, to protect the spectators from the wild animals. Beneath it is a set of complex rooms and passageways, meant for wild beasts and other provisions for the spectacle to be staged in the arena. All the entrances in the arena are supported by wide staircases and appropriate landings, hence, giving quick access and exit to the spectators and participants, should there be a fire breakout. The numbered arches also aided the spectators to find their way around the Colosseum. With these structures in place, excellent access and optimum safety for spectators and players are achieved. The seating arrangements ensured that the microcosm of the Roman society is achieved. Although each row reflects the different social status of the spectators, the continuous rows of seating in the Colosseum give audience an unobstructed
Israel is a small country
Israel is a small country. It is long and narrow and stretches just under 450 kms from North to South and on average is 60 kms from East to West. The majority of Israel's west is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. The Mediterranean Coast consists of a narrow plain (The Sharon Plain), which is home to most of Israel's people. The Sharon Plain is where Israel's largest urban city, Tel Aviv, is located. Israel's Eastern border is dominated by the Jordan River Valley, which drops down to the Dead Sea, which is the lowest depression on Earth at 400 meters below sea level. The rough and mountainous Negev Desert manages Israel's southern region. At Israel's Southern apex Israel's port of Eilat dominates several kilometers of sparkling Red Sea coast. The primary region of the country is hilly, and at one of the highest points is the national capital, Jerusalem. The northern quarter of Israel is dominated by the hilly and fertile Galilee region. Israel's largest body of fresh water, Lake Kinneret is on the eastern part of the Galilee. Further to the North East is the Golan Heights and Israel's upmost point, Mt. Hermon that reaches an elevation in Israeli territory of 2,224 meters above sea level (almost identical to Mt. Kosciusko) and includes Israel's one and only snow ski slopes. Israel is part of southwest Asia and the Middle East. It is on the shore of the Mediterranean
Was Roman medicine the same as Greek Medicine?
Was Roman medicine the same as Greek Medicine? Roman and Greek medicine was similar in some aspects and different in others. Although Roman medicine is most definitely not the exact same as Greek medicine there are some similarities and some people may think that the Romans 'copied' the Greeks. One of the similarities between these two periods is that they both have strong beliefs in Gods. In Greek times they had a great belief in Asclepious, the Geek God of healing. Panacea and Hygeia, his daughters, helped him. The Greeks believed that if they went to sleep in the Asclepion at night, the god and his daughters would come and heal them. The Greeks also had other gods but apart from Aslepious, such as a god of wisdom, god of wine and a god of laughing. They believed that gods caused disasters like earthquakes and thunderstorms and if good things happened, for example of there was a good harvest they believed that this was a sign that the gods were pleased. The gods played a big role in Roman times also. The Romans were in great danger form the plague and after trying to cure this by practical methods and failing they turned to Asclepious in desperation, just like they did in Greek times. Gods were a part of Romans' everyday life and they believed them to be very powerful. Even though Romans believed in gods just like the Greeks, the Romans were much more practical in their
The battle of Issus, 333 BC
Alexander the Great, the son of Philip, is known as the most distinctive hero in 4th century BC. He also is acknowledged as the greatest military genius who overthrew the Persian Empire and extended his rule from Greece to Egypt and all the way to India. For this expansion there was an important battle near Issus. The victory at the battle of Issus completed the takeover of Asia Minor and made Alexander to move south into Phoenicia and Egypt. The battle of Issus, 333 BC After the battle of Granicus in 334 BC, Alexander wintered over at several places. In spring Alexander headed for Gordium. According to Curtias he visited the temple of Jupiter and saw a legendary wagon which was fastened to the pole by a knot tied by the King Midas. The legend was that whoever should loose the intricate fastening would rule over Asian (Curtias.?.i.16). -Another legend on how the knot was dedicated by the King Midas is well-described in Curtias ?.i.15-. Alexander tried to untie it but failed to find where the hidden interlacing began or ended. Finally he "fulfilled" the prophecy by cutting the knot. But according to Aristobulus he unfastened it quite easily by removing the pin which secured the yoke to the pole of the chariot, and the pulling out the yoke itself. (Plutarch.18) There was thunder that night which could be interpreted as a sign of the approval of God, Curtias states that
Why did Carthage Lose the Punic Wars?
Why did Carthage Lose the Punic Wars? The greatest naval power of the Mediterranean in the third century B.C. was the North African city of Carthage. From the earliest days of the Republic, Rome had been on friendly terms with Carthage. For centuries, the first had remained a land power and the second was a major naval power whose ships controlled the western Mediterranean; while Rome expanded for political reasons, trade and commerce motivated Carthage's foreign policy. During the centuries of their earliest contact, Rome and Carthage had lived in harmony. Heichelheim and Yeo (1962, p.115) agree that prior to 264 B.C., relations between the two powers, if not friendly, had at least been diplomatically correct. Because they had shared a common enemy in the Greeks for two and a half centuries, neither side felt threatened by the other. However, suspicions and jealousies began to grow on both sides and in 264 B.C. the friendly relations between Carthage and Rome were disrupted by a seemingly unimportant incident in north-east Sicily. For a lack of a common enemy in the Greeks and the fact that Roman power had reached southern Italy, war became inevitable (Grant, 1978, p.83). The determination of Carthage to protect her commercial and imperial interests was matched by the resolution of Rome in fighting for her honour, and so from a small incident their confrontation swelled
In this essay I am going to be discussing the impact government had on public health during the Roman and medivel perieods
In this essay I am going to be discussing the impact government had on public health during the Roman and medivel perieods. The romans were well organised they had a lot of money and even more power. They spent a lot of money on public health they believed a clean empire was a strong empire. The medivel perieod was totally different there government was waek and they concentrated so much on war that there government had no money left to concentrate on public health. But on the otherhand not all people during the medevel perieod were unhealthy the church was full of educated people who could read what the romans had done to keep healthy continued there traditions. The Romans controlled a vast empire. Rome, the capital, was the largest city in the world at that time, with a population of over 1,000,000 by about 4 BC. Such a city produced huge amounts of waste products, and required vast amounts of fresh water for the survival of its people. To ensure the of the city and the people, the government of Rome developed a highly structured public health system, and this method was followed in other cities and towns established across the Roman Empire. Aqueducts were built to carry fresh water from the mountains to the cities The water was filtered before being piped to wells and buildings. Fresh drinking water was provided in drinking fountains around the cities using the water
Suleyman the Magnificent 1495 - 1566.
Suleyman the Magnificent 1495 - 1566 Suleyman the Magnificent has been known as one of the greatest rulers of the Ottoman Empire. He is mostly remembered as a fierce conqueror of the Islamic religion. In Middle Eastern cultures, however, he is often referred to as a great builder. During his rule as sultan, the Ottoman Empire reached its peak in power and prosperity. Suleyman was born in 1495 to Selim, who soon became sultan. Little is known about the prince's younger life, but by the age of 16 he was governing certain cities in the empire. After Selim's death on September 22, 1520, Suleyman, having no brothers, became the next sultan at the age of 25. At the start of his reign, Suleyman performed many acts of kindness and mercy toward his people including freeing hundreds of slaves, bestowing his officers with gifts, and erecting a school for slaves. In return for his kindness, Suleyman demanded complete loyalty of all his subjects. Suleyman's kindness was a sharp contrast to the acts of his cruel father, who had become known as Selim the terrible. While Selim had only been interested in war, Suleyman filled his palace with music and poetry. Suleyman himself came to write many poems of his own. Within a year of his ascension to the throne, the sultan led a campaign against the Ottoman Empire's Christian enemies, the Hungarians. Within twenty-eight days,
Deterioration- An Essay on J.M. Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians
Deterioration Emotions are complex. They are created because of a strong feeling towards someone or something. They also cause empathy among human beings. These emotions are evident in J.M. Coetzee's novel, Waiting for the Barbarians. Coetzee uses the human body to entice the reader through the emotions of sex, pain, survival, and health in order to make the reader empathize with the novel's protagonist, the Magistrate. Coetzee also demonstrates a distinct parallel between the deterioration of the Magistrate and the Empire. The usages of sex during the beginning stages of the novel represent the Empire and the Magistrate during prosperous times. However, these pleasurable feelings slowly diminished and turned into a whirlwind of desperate emotions in order to survive for both the Empire and the Magistrate. As the novel unfolds, so does the physical deterioration of the Magistrate. These emotions and feelings of sex, pain, survival, and health can trigger a past event that the reader has, or a genuine care in which the reader wants to dive into the novel and help out the protagonist in Waiting for the Barbarians. This is shown through Coetzee's utilization of his excellent usage of descriptive imagery in order to reach out to the reader's emotions in order to enhance the overall message of human compassion in the book. One of the first emotions that are used in Waiting for
Was Athens more democratic than Sparta?
Was Athens Really More Democratic Than Sparta? Student Number 1012764 Word Count: 2774 Athens and Sparta were undeniably the two greatest cities in Ancient Greece, yet the method by which they ruled and governed their people varied greatly. Both Athens and Sparta ruled using some elements of democracy and a superficial observer may assert that Athens was the more democratic of the two. However, upon further observation one could state that Sparta was in fact as democratic as its contemporary rival. This essay will systematically discuss each theme of their differing societies, analyzing and comparing them as the essay progresses. To add validity to the arguments presented, this essay will use both ancient sources such as Aristotle and Xenophon, as well as the findings of modern debates and scholarship. The conclusion will succinctly summarize the arguments and analysis of the essay. The first and greatest difference in democratic style was the structure and make-up of the government itself. The government of both Athens and Sparta had several common or similar institutions that this essay will compare in terms of democratic value. The first of these institutions are the archons of Athens and the kings of Sparta. The institution of the archon evolved from being 'elected under qualifications of birth and wealth' (Aristotle Athenian Constitution, 3) to being a paid position
