History of Russia. Examine the Impact of Mongol Rule Upon Medieval Rus
Student registration number : 7631469 Course code and title: RUSS10251: History of Russia to 1917 Module Convener: Vera Tolz Assignment title: Coursework Essay Actual word count: 1433 Examine the Impact of Mongol Rule Upon Medieval Rus The Mongol invasion of Kiev Rus' had various short and long-term impacts upon different aspects of Russian life. Whether examining the social system, commerce and trade, the language and even religion, effects on all aspects of life (even the scapegoat for blame in later years) can be attributed to the Mongols. Batu Khan marched from Mongolia with a force 200,000 strong over a period of 20 years, with the sole intention of invading and conquering medieval Russia. One by one the Russian principalities, including Moscow, fell to the Khan and his army. The sheer destruction and huge scale of slaughter of countless Russian lives had, in itself, a profound impact on Russian culture, it's economy and society. The development of Russia experienced a grave impact as a result of the invasion. Eventually, the Mongols captured Kiev, which at the time was the symbolic centre of Kievan Russia, only the outlying principalities, such as Novgorod, survived the onslaught. Nevertheless these principalities would later become tributaries to the Khans and endure indirect oppression. As a result of the invasion Russia would be forever changed in
The History and Importance of Chinese Literature.
China’s Glorious Literature History Word Count: 2037 (excluding references) ________________ China’s Glorious Literature History When talking about Literature in the world, China has a unique distinction of being the only country that has had literature written consecutively for three thousand years in just one language. The Chinese language is said to be one of the most meaningful of languages, and the fact that its history in literature is so intriguing, comes to no surprise. Every letter in the Chinese alphabets stands for an idea or a symbol that has been engrossed in the wonderful literature of the infamous Chinese writers, artists and philosophers who graced the great land over the years (Larson, 1998). This paper will talk about the beauty of Chinese literature and the people who made it beautiful. Chinese lay a lot of importance on their literature. Literatures from countries around the world are fast being forgotten with time but Chinese literature is a different story altogether (de Bary, Theodore et al., 1999). Their literature has only one language that has not evolved in all these years. Every letter of the language symbolizes a piece of their illustrious history and tradition. The essence of the Chine literature hence, is till date enjoyed and cherished by the people of China. It has helped in maintaining cultural continuity for thousands and millions
What were the consequences of the Roman Law reception in Central Europe?
What were the consequences of the Roman Law reception in Central Europe? The word reception, used in the context of the question at hand, generally denotes the transplantation or penetration of some or all of one law into another. Arguably the main reason for this occurrence is that the originally existing law has for one reason or another been exhausted and is in need of reform[1]. However, this is rarely the sole reason. For something that is such an important cornerstone of society, the evolution of law in Central Europe – and indeed the rest of the world – is not as rigid as one might think. It is instead often quite a fluid, piecemeal process that is punctuated by sudden larger progressions, such as the creation of a major legal text or a groundbreaking legal case. It is also a process which is influenced by many factors that vary from country to country, culture to culture, and so on. It is for this reason that, in order to answer the question, we must first look closer at the specifics of this reception if we are to avoid confusion and vagueness. The Roman Law reception in Central Europe was a gradually evolving process that crept its way across the legal systems of the lands of the Holy Roman Empire throughout the late middle ages and the renaissance period. The old native laws that it replaced, or at least inter-mingled with, were largely customary, traditional
How seriously did people take claim that kings ruled with Gods blessing?
How seriously did people take claim that kings ruled with God’s blessing? People did not seriously take claim that kings ruled with God’s blessing; it was more widely accepted that kings ruled to preserve the obfuscating feudal society, rather than for divine right. As Petit-Dutaillis articulates the kings’ function was purely for political ideology with financial principles and national social amalgamation to uphold a feudalistic society; which was seen at best the only effective configuration appropriate for a violent, disfiguring and destructible world. It would be more supplementary sensible to argue that ‘it was essential’ for people to ‘have a public authority’, as to destroy the emergence of ‘tyranny’ there ‘must be kings’.[1] However, it undoubtedly must be acknowledged that there are arguments harmonizing that people seriously claimed kings ruled with God’s blessing, these aspects of arguments must also be carefully analysed. As the question is fairly vague in its wording, by only highlighting people, it must be discussed through groups of people from separate backgrounds within a feudal society such as: the monarchy itself, the Pope and his clergy representatives, the nobility and peasants. At first it is best to evaluate the altercation supporting that people took claim that kings ruled with God’s blessing from the point of
What were the Reasons for the Successes Achieved by the First Crusade?
What were the Reasons for the Successes Achieved by the First Crusade? In 1092 Pope Urban II appealed the Council of Clermont to call a Crusade.[1] Despite there being an existence of four reports of this appeal, there is no doubt that it led to the First Crusade of 1095 on the Muslim world which was now in a state of disunity.[2] The Seljuk leader, Malik Shah, had controlled swathes of Asia Minor and Syria and was a binding force of the Muslim world, but with his death in 1092, his lands fractured into separate emirates. This splintered Muslim world, which was to suffer the impact of the Frankish invasion, was amplified by a year of death among its hierarchy in 1094. This left Asia Minor, Syria and Palestine bereft of any major leaders to lead a unified Muslim force against the Franks, as the remaining rulers struggled to fill the power vacuum.[3] Although Muslim disunity was a predominant factor for the successes of the First Crusade, it was not the sole factor, as the Franks faced stiff opposition in the forms of hunger, disease and battle, regardless. Therefore, one could argue that Muslim disunity gave the Franks a foothold to manipulate religious fervour, military expertise and a united cause to succeed in executing the First Crusade. The importance of these factors is exemplified with how, in their breakdown, the Frankish states struggled to maintain themselves in the
How accurate would it be to assert that by 1492 the Caribbean region was part of world civilization?
The word “civilization” is easier to describe than it is to define have often been the remark made by historiams. “Civilization” comes from the Latin adjective “civili”s, a reference to a citizen. Citizens willingly bring themselves together in political, social, economic, and religious organizations as they merge together in the interests of the larger community. As time surpassed, the word civilization refers to a particular shared way of thinking about the world as well as a reflection on that world in art, literature, drama and a host of other cultural happenings. By 1936, an archeologist V. Gordon Childe published his book “Man Makes Himself”. Childe identified several elements which he believed were essential for a civilization to exist. He included: the plow, wheeled cart and draft animals, sailing ships, the smelting of copper and bronze, a solar calendar, writing, standards of measurement, irrigation ditches, specialized craftsmen, urban centers and a surplus of food necessary to support non-agricultural workers who lived within the walls of the city. 1 Other historians agreed with Childe but added that a true definition of civilization should also include money collected through taxes, a privileged ruling class, a centralized government and a national religious or priestly class. In this essay we will examine “how accurate it is to assert that
To what extent did the Black Death contribute to the decline of Serfdom?
- 4155641 To what extent did the Black Death contribute to the decline of Serfdom? The magnitude and deadliness of the Black Death meant that it would forever be studied by historians. The effects were widespread and varied and have led historians to question how far the Black Death contributed to many of the changes which coincided with this pandemic. Serfdom, the social position in which peasants were bound to the Lord’s land and placed under strict rules which they had to obey through law, was common place throughout Europe during the years before the Black Death. The subsequent decline of Serfdom during this period, the late fourteenth and early fifteenth century, has led historians to question whether, and if so how far, the Black Death contributed towards this decline. Historians such as Dodds and Britnell have outlined the importance of the Black Death as a cause to the decline of Serfdom, as it created upward pressure on wages and gave Serfs the bargaining power they needed to achieve changes.[1] Hatcher does not believe such strong emphasis should be placed on the Black Death, and sees it more as a mere accelerator to changes already occurring.[2] Alternatively, historians have maintained that other reasons caused the decline. Henneman contends it was the political development which allowed the changes to occur[3], whilst Lerner stresses the importance of the
What impelled the English to fight the Hundred Years War?
What impelled the English to fight the hundred years war? There are five main motives which impelled the English to fight the hundred years war against France during the middle ages. The main motivation for all classes was the chance to gain wealth, as war gave the aristocracy a chance extract money through ransoms and the peasantry through plunder. The hundred years war was fought between England and France from 1337 to 453 and was concentrated into four main phases. The end result of the war was English loss of land and France becoming a more united nation. Each class varies in what motivated them however wanting to acquire wealth links them all together. The main factor that impelled the English to fight the hundred years war was the profits that victory, and even defeats during war could bring. For example Edward III ended the war in 1360 without achieving his full goal as he had made enough money. This factor motivated every class as war was profitable for all, for example the monarch, barons and to an extent the lords profited through the practice of capturing enemies of high birth in battle and demanding ransoms in return for their freedom. An example of this is in 1367 when Bertrand Du Guesclin was captured by the Black Prince and ransomed for 100,000 Francs. It is demonstrated in Geoffrey Baker's Chronicles that to the aristocracy this was
Medieval Astrology
Medieval Astrology Astrology is an ancient practice many civilizations used. Throughout many years the people believed the stars and planets guided their life to where it would go. Boethius, the counsel of Rome, believed that the movements of the planets told the people of "earthly events." Astrology originated with the Chaldean, in Babylon, Mesopotamia, around 2300 BC. Many people practiced astrology in temples and became religious to many people. Astrology than spread to Egypt around the third millenium BC. Alexander the Great's influence and control on others made a big impact. Aristotle, a great philosopher, began spreading the ideas of astrology throughout the Greek world. It was during this 300-year period of time that the acceptance of astrology flourished into horoscope and zodiacal signs as well. It wasn't until this period it came into existence. The tradition of Greek, Arabic, and medieval astrology was inseparable during the Middle Ages, better known as the medieval times. They believed in the tradition of alchemy, which is believed that Man responds to energies from planets, the Sun, and the Moon. They used to define different human characteristics like mercurial, saturnine, lunatic, venereal, jovial, and martial. They soon began using the guide of the stars to make cures for those who wee sick. Kings, emperors, popes, scientists, doctors used astrology,
Industrial and Agricultural Revolution.
Industrial and Agricultural Revolution Contents 1. Introduction 2. What is Revolution? 3. Agricultural Revolution 3.1.Why did it happen? 3.2. Who lost out? 3.3. Who gained? 4. Industrial Revolution 4.1. Why did it happen? 4.2. Who lost out? 4.3. Who gained? 5. Effects of Revolution in Northampton 6. Conclusion . Introduction The objective of this project is to define revolution in a political/social context and to explain in two sections the processes of the Industrial and Agricultural revolutions in England. I have take the opportunity to study the effects of the Industrial revolution in Northampton. This project is written in five main sections. The first will define "revolution". The second section will discuss the Agricultural revolution, providing statistics, and discussing the cause and effect of the Agricultural revolution in England. It will also explain what happened in the Agricultural revolution and what changed, explaining how farming methods changed. The third section will discuss the Industrial revolution and its cause and effects. It will show the effects of factory working on the social structure of English life. The fourth section provides an example of the industrial age in Northampton a town that had made shoes for hundreds of years and how the Industrial revolution effected its shoe making techniques. My conclusion, summarises the project and argues
