internal enviroment (heat lab)
Measurement of Thermal Conductivity Within this coursework our aim was to find the measurement of the thermal conductivity of lightweight concrete blockwork and in doing so we will be carrying out an experiment which will allow us to gather these results. Furthermore, we will analyze our results which we gained from our experiment and check the accuracy of our measurements. This will allow us to see if we have incurred any error in our results and also make comparisons in relation to our results. We will conduct this experiment in accordance with the method provided on the printed sheet. Thermal conductivity is a measure of the ability of a material to transfer heat given two surfaces (of concrete blockwork) on either side of the material with a temperature difference between them. The thermal conductivity is the heat energy transferred per unit time and per unit surface area which is divided by the temperature difference. It is measured in watts per degree Kelvin. The following characters symbolize each step in the equations: ? represents the thermal conductivity of the material d represents the thickness of the concrete A represents the cross sectional area of the concrete block touching the heater Q represents amount of watts flowing through to the heater (t1 - t2) is the temperature difference between the heated side of the material and side in contact with
Cracking liquid paraffin
James Buthlay Cracking liquid paraffin 03/10/04 In this investigation we set up and experiment to try a figure out what was given off when we 'cracked' liquid paraffin. Cracking is the process of breaking down large, not very useful hydrocarbons and splitting them up into smaller, more useful hydrocarbons. When cracking a hydrocarbon, we always end up with alkanes and at least one alkene. Paraffin can be cracked by passing liquid paraffin vapour over hot pieces of porcelain. The gases released then travel down through a tube into a test tube where they are bottles and collected. These are the gases in which we are trying to identify. The first test to try and identify what we had collected in the test tube, was a test for hydrogen. This was a simple test and simply involved putting a lighted splint into the test tube. If a 'pop' occurred then hydrogen was present and the splint would be extinguished. If no hydrogen was present, nothing happens. The outcome of this test was as follows: Test tube number Observations Conclusion Nothing happened No hydrogen present 2 Nothing happened No hydrogen present 3 Nothing happened No hydrogen present 4 Slight 'pop' noise Little hydrogen present 5 Louder 'pop' Hydrogen present 6 'pop' and flame Hydrogen present 7 'pop' and flame Hydrogen present 8
geohazards the kashmiri earthquake 2005
Despite an increasing vulnerability to geological hazards, some countries are not fully aware of the risk they face or the feasibility of hazard mitigation measures. The societal impacts of geohazards are enormous, every year volcanoes, earthquakes, landslides and subsidence claim thousands of lives globally, injure thousands more, destroy homes and livelihoods. Landslides are on of the most widespread and undervalued natural hazards on earth (Natural Hazards. 2002). The reason they have less of an attraction is that the most common types of landslides, particularly those in richer countries pose little threat to human life. Whilst landslides may have less of an impact on life in richer countries, in an unprepared, poorer country the impact on life and property can be devastating. The 2005 Kashmir earthquake triggered several thousand landslide events in the mountainous regions surrounding Muzaffarabad. The movements were mainly rock falls and debris falls (Kamp, U, 2008) although transitional rock and debris slides also occurred. In addition a sturzstrom (debris avalanche) buried four villages. Although the earthquake caused most of the total deaths, the sequence of events led to the landslides severely hampering relief efforts up to months after the initial tremors. It is estimated that the total deaths caused by the landslides in the Kashmir 2005 quake exceeds 1000
Deforestation, Reforestation and Afforestation
Deforestation, Reforestation and Afforestation Deforestation, the large-scale removal of forest, prior to its replacement by other land uses. It is proceeding at about 17 million hectares each year (170,000 sq km or 65,000 sq mi, an area larger than England, Wales, and Northern Ireland combined). Between 1980 and 1990, annual deforestation rates were 1.2 per cent in Asia and the Pacific, 0.8 per cent in Latin America, and 0.7 per cent in Africa. Forest area is generally stable in Europe and North America, although the rate of transition from old-growth forest to other forms in North America is controversially high. Deforestation may be distinguished from forest degradation, which is a reduction in forest quality. The two are linked, and result in several problems. They cause soil erosion and watershed destabilization, resulting in flooding or drought. They reduce biodiversity (the range of habitat, species, and genetic types), particularly significant in tropical forests that are home too much of the world's bio-diversity. Deforestation affects the livelihoods of between 200 and 500 million people who depend on forests for their food, shelter, and fuel. Deforestation and degradation may contribute to regional and global climate imbalances. Forests play a major role in carbon storage; with their removal, excessive carbon dioxide in the atmosphere may lead to global warming,
The effects of global warming and a changing climate will not be felt equally across our planet.
International Impacts The effects of global warming and a changing climate will not be felt equally across our planet. Regional climate changes will likely be very different from changes in the global average. Differences from region to region could be in both the magnitude and rate of climate change. Furthermore, not all things, whether they be natural ecosystems or human settlements, are equally sensitive to changes in climate. And finally, nations (and indeed regions within nations) vary in their ability to cope and adapt to global warming and a changing climate. With that said, some nations will likely experience more adverse effects than others, while other nations may benefit more than others. Poorer nations are generally more vulnerable to the consequences of global warming. These nations tend to be more dependent on climate-sensitive sectors, such as subsistence agriculture, and lack the resources to buffer themselves against the changes that global warming may bring. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has identified Africa as "the continent most vulnerable to the impacts of projected changes because widespread poverty limits adaptation
Maunal Handling Training Course
Manual Handling Training Course. Module 1: The law as it relates to patient handling Part VI of the Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (General Application) Regulations 1993 transposes EU Council Directive 90/269/EEC on the minimum health and safety requirements for the manual handling of loads into Irish Legislation. The regulation is titled the Manual Handling of Loads Regulation. The main requirements of the 1993 Manual Handling of Loads Regulation are that employers must: ?Make efforts to avoid manual handling activities that present a risk of injury, if possible. ? Where it is not possible to avoid the manual handling activity, an assessment of the manual handling activity must be carried out with reference to the factors identified in the Eight and Ninth Schedule to the regulations. Efforts must then be made to reduce the risk of injury, particularly back injury, by applying appropriate control measures. where possible the weight of the load being handled and the centre of gravity of the load should be available for employees handling the loads. The Regulations set no specific requirements such as weight limits. However numerical guidelines are available in guidance documents that take into account the weight of a load, the repetition of the task and the location of the load during the lift, as a means of identifying handling activities that involve risk (HSA
Global warming.
Title Global warming refers to the rise in the earth's temperature resulting from an increase in heat-trapping gasses in the atmosphere, simply put the warming of our globe. The earth has a natural "greenhouse effect" which is caused by energy from the sun controlling the earths weather and climate, and heats the earth's surface. In response to the sun, the earth radiates energy back into space. "The Greenhouse Effect was discovered in 1896 by a Swedish chemist who was trying to learn why the atmosphere stays warm when oxygen and nitrogen, which are the two main atmospheric gases, do not absorb heat" (Bates, 46). Atmospheric greenhouse gases such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, and other gases, trap the energy leaving the earth and retain it as heat, much like a greenhouse ceiling. This is a natural and necessary effect, without it temperatures on earth would be much lower than they are now and life as it is today would not be possible, but with the greenhouse effect the earth's average temperature is much more comfortable. The issue here is that these gases are being produced too much causing them to retain too much heat. Temperatures are rising and the following observations prove this. Over the last century research has shown that average land surface has rose from 0.45 to 0.6 oC. This is due to the increase of these gases and some of these gases occur naturally
Global Warming
Global Warming As the world's expanding population burns large quantities of fossil fuels and simultaneously cuts down large expanses of forests worldwide, the concentrations of CO2 and other greenhouse gases are building up in the atmosphere. "The green house effect is the (imperfect) analogy used to explain the atmospheric phenomenon that keeps our planet warm enough to sustain life." There is mounting evidence that this shift in Earth's atmosphere will lead to global changes and potentially major climatic disruptions . The major concern is not that the greenhouse effect is real;"we wouldn't be here if it wasn't." It's that it "may be exacerbated by anthropogenic increases in the effective gasses, threatening a disruption to the equilibrium between incoming and outgoing energy, and a resulting average global warming." From 1880 to today, by many measurements, the global average temperature has increased by 0.5 Degrees Celsius. Human and ecological systems are already vulnerable to a range of environmental pressures, including climate extremes and variability. Global warming is likely to amplify the effects of other pressures and to disrupt our lives in numerous ways. "Melting icebergs and expanding oceans may cause floods." The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Heat Capacity Ratio for Gases. The experimental heat capacity ratio of N2 gas is computed as 1.28 (0.02) with the help of the adiabatic expansion method. This value is closer to the theoretical value of 1.29 when vibrational contribution to Čv is
Heat Capacity Ratio for Gases V. Raw and Derived Data Tables: Table 1: Manometer Readings for PNitrogen Gas in the Carboy Trial Height 1 (cm) Height 2 (cm) ?H (cm methyl salicylate) ?H (mm Hg) [P1] (mmHg) 31.90 ± 0.05 49.90 ± 0.05 8.00 ± 0.07 5.60 ± 0.06 770.85 ± 0.26 2 7.40 ± 0.05 64.10 ± 0.05 46.70 ± 0.07 40.46 ± 0.06 795.71 ± 0.26 3 24.30 ± 0.05 57.60 ± 0.05 33.33 ± 0.07 28.85 ± 0.06 784.10 ± 0.26 Table 2. Manometer Readings for PNitrogen Gas in the Carboy after the Cap was removed and Subsequently Plugged Trial Height 1 (cm) Height 2 (cm) ?H (cm) ?H (mm Hg) [P3] (mm mercury) 38.90 ± 0.05 42.90 ± 0.05 4.00 ± 0.07 3.47 ± 0.06 758.72 ± 0.26 2 36.20 ± 0.05 45.70 ± 0.05 9.50 ± 0.07 8.23 ± 0.06 763.48 ± 0.26 3 37.30 ± 0.05 44.40 ± 0.05 7.10 ± 0.07 6.15 ± 0.06 761.40 ± 0.26 Table 3. Mean Heat Capacity Ratio Trial Heat Capacity Ratio Mean Heat Capacity Ratio SD ku .29 ± 0.05 .28 ± 0.02 0.01 0.02 2 .26 ± 0.02 3 .28 ± 0.03 Table 4: Theoretical Cp and CV of Nitrogen gas CP (J mol-1 K-1) CV (J mol-1 K-1) Without vibrational With vibrational Without vibrational With vibrational 29.099 37.413 20.785 29.099 Table 5: Heat Capacity Ratio of N2 (Experimental and Theoretical) Experimental Heat Capacity Ratio Theoretical Heat Capacity Ratio Error (%) Without vibrational With
Black Holes
Research & Report Black Holes Contents Introduction 3 What is a Black hole? 4 Formation of Black Holes 4 Features of Black Holes 6 Discovering Black Holes 8 Where are they? 9 What would happen if an object falls into a black hole? 9 Theory of general relativity 10 Hawking Radiation 11 Evaluation & Conclusion 12 Bibliography/Reference 13 Appendix 14 Introduction For my research and report coursework topic I chose black hole as I've done a research on black holes for a presentation in the past so it would be fairly straightforward to do, and my current knowledge about black holes would help me to complete this coursework a lot easier. Moreover, I was always interested in astronomy, which includes black holes therefore doing a research and report coursework would enable me to expand ideas and knowledge. The fact that people are able to observe and analyse black holes in the boundless space also stimulated me to choose this topic because I was always curious about how people can analyse when black holes are millions of light-years away from where we live and unable to see. Also I wish to find out more about why there are so many theories associated with black holes and how the astronomers ended up making theories of their own, which are different to each other. I will be doing my researches on different areas of black holes. Firstly, I will find out how black
