The Haber Process
THE HABER PROCESS The Haber process was developed by a physicist named Fritz Haber during the period of the First World War. In simple terms, the Haber process is a method of producing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen through chemical reactions. This method was invented during the First World War. Haber was of Jewish origin, which was not really a concern at the time. However, after Adolph Hitler came to power, and World War Two began, Haber migrated to Switzerland, due to the anti-Semitic beliefs arising in Germany. This paper will discuss some of the main aspects of the Haber process, its significance at the time of discovery, some of the important impacts of this breakthrough, and basically some general information about Fritz Haber, and his concept of the Haber process. In 1913, Haber had his greatest achievement, the discovery of a process for producing ammonia, by thy combination of nitrogen and hydrogen. Fritz Haber was a German chemist who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1918 for his accomplishments in chemistry. Haber lived from 1868 to 1934. He helped Germany a lot during World War One, when he became chief of the German chemical warfare service. He served his country in many ways during the First World War such as inventing the process of ammonia synthesis. Ammonia was a vital tool for Germany as it was used as a raw material in the production of
The Haber Process.
9R 22/1/02 The Haber Process During the first ten years of the twentieth century, the global necessitate for ammonia for use in fertilizers (in nitrate form) and in the production of explosives for war purposes and mining could only be fulfilled on a considerable extent. Because of this crisis, there was a great deal of research being made to discover ways of producing ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen. The problem was ultimately resolved in 1913, when Fritz Haber exposed a method now known as the "Haber Process" or the "Haber-Bosch Process". Haber relieved the world of their ammonia calamity when he discovered the "Haber Process" by combining both Nitrogen and Hydrogen. He was a German scientist, who received the Nobel peace prize in 1918 for his success in chemistry. He lived from 1868 to 1934. Fritz Haber was appointed chief of the German chemical warfare and assisted Germany greatly in World War I, because of his invention of the process of ammonia synthesis. Ammonia was a crucial tool chemical for Germany as it was utilized as a raw material for fertilizers, as was mentioned before, and was used in the making of excessive explosives and other ammo. Discovering the "Haber Process", he made Germany free from the dependency of other countries. This, perhaps, was the way in which he served his country the most of all. Without his help, Germany would not have stood a
Journey's End
Journey's End R. C. Sherriff created characters that aid the audience's understanding of war through their emotions and dialogue. Each character generates an intensive atmosphere and prompts differing emotions and thoughts from the audience, expressing different feelings and reactions towards war, which all aggregate to the same thing, the fear that they are all going to die sooner than later. The play was written to make people contemplate the futility of war. World war one was a war which lead hundreds of thousands of soldiers to their death. A road where millions met their death, World War One truly was a 'Journey's End'. The play shows how an economically and socially secure era was coming to an end. Sherriff's characters make the best of the situation in which they have found themselves. Each action is displayed in accordance to their character, but they all soon realise that there is nothing noble about war. Raleigh discovers this by joining the army straight after finishing school and sees his hero torn apart, lost, and drinking. Soldiers never found the excitement and adventure that war was supposed to provide them. Instead, their dreams fell apart until there was no hope left. The language is consistently colloquial making it easier for the audience to understand. The shifts in tone express the emotions that the characters are feeling. The
The Crusades.
In the middle ages, most Christians believed that War was a good thing, and that if it was to defend innocent people, then it would be right in the way of their religion. Another factor was that if the opposition declared a Holy War, then it would be their right to defend their religion, and fight for to defend this religion no matter what the consequences. In the middle ages, campaigns were led by Christians known as Crusades. Muslims ran Jerusalem, and had done for the last four hundred years. The Christians wanted to reclaim Jerusalem as their own by fighting the Muslims. They would do this by the help of the leaders of their churches, the popes. The popes were afraid of the Muslims extending their empire. At this time, the crusades were seen by people as being brave and everyone agreed with what they said and done. All of these crusades believed that what they done were 'Just' and that God was there to help them win the battles. They also believed that when the fought the Jews and the Muslims, they were fighting all the evil in this world. During the battles, there were many fatalities, and most of the wars that were fought were often brutal and severe. The way in which these were fought did not make it seem as if it was a 'Holy War' but a war of greed and local dispute. Prisoners were treated unfairly, and often tortured. Everyone was treated roughly and mercilessly.
The contradiction between one's public image and unadulterated feelings or desires is a dominant theme in Death in Venice and Cat and Mouse. Both use minor characters to help represent this theme as well as foreshadowing plot.
Thesis: The contradiction between one's public image and unadulterated feelings or desires is a dominant theme in Death in Venice and Cat and Mouse. Both use minor characters to help represent this theme as well as foreshadowing plot. Minor characters may often be overlooked in literature as the reader's attention is focused on the major characters. However, minor characters are, in fact, an important contributor to theme and plot. On comparing Death in Venice and Cat and Mouse, a similar theme arises; the struggle in human nature between what is conveyed on the surface and what is happening beneath. The minor characters represent this struggle in the major characters, while foreshadowing their fate. In Thomas Mann's novella, the reader is invited to witness Aschenbach's struggle with admitting his love for Tadzio, while maintaining his respectable reputation. When examining the old man on the boat and the poor singing quartet, it is clear that the appearance and manner of the minor characters are very similar. They portray Aschenbach's inner torment and foreshadow his tragic fall from grace. The minor characters in Günter Grass's novel represent somewhat differently Mahlke's actions (participating in the war) conflicting with his inner beliefs. The undermining of the priest and the behaviour of Mahlke towards the lieutenant commander symbolize Mahlke's struggle and
Anthem for Doomed Youth
Since there threat of war in some part of the world everyday and because of the impact that it has had on our lives, it doesn't seam surprising that it is a popular theme for a poem. Sonnets are an extremely passionate form of poetry, used to show how the poet feels in their heart, both Rupert Brooke and Wilfred Owen create this passion is an excellent, but very different ways. "Anthem for Doomed Youth" by Wilfred Owen is a Shakespearean sonnet reflecting on the callous life at war. Owen wrote this poem during his four months at Craiglockhart, a war hospital, whilst recovering from trench fever. Faced with many fatally injured men, this must have inspired him to write a great deal. Unlike Brooke's poem "The Soldier", Owen portrays, not a glorified or heroic war, but a realistic war. Brooke, not a witness to war, had an image of hysteria projected to him, and knowing no different he had to believe it. There is genuine optimism in Brooke's poem, to him, it was an honour to fight for his country; it was an honour to die for your country. The title "Anthem for Doomed Youth" has a huge sense of irony to it. Our first thought of an "Anthem" is a song of pride and honour, but when such a word is followed by "doom", it takes away the glee and puts misery in replacement. Full of solemn comparisons, it is a poem about the traditional funeral being substituted by the one that war
English Commentary
Mohamed Rizk 20-12-2004 English Commentary The following is a commentary on paragraph in P.G 211 --> 212 in the Sorrow of War.. The paragraph from page 211 to 212 has a very important significance to the story as a whole. It has a lot of metaphors and similes that add to the sorrowful mood of the story. In the beginning, the paragraph is very poetic, juxtaposing past images of life to future and present images of death and destruction. In specific it juxtaposes the "eternal" beauty of his girlfriend Phuong to the tragic finality of war. The paragraph is written in the simple past tense, the perfect past tense which means the past before the past and the hypothetical "would" in order to emphasize Kien's deep longings to relive the past. It also shows us how Kien lost his spirit of fighting, and gave up hope. This is spiritual loss, and it is what most soldiers were experiencing. There is basically no more hope, no more life, just death. Overall, the paragraph reflects images of the sorrows of war. The sorrows and effects of war are clearly shown when the narrator reverses traditional symbols. The first very evident example of reversing traditional symbols is the narrator's use of the concept of "miracle" and "dream" not to talk about a future goal but about the past. Thus returning to the past and finding it "unchanged" becomes a "miracle" and a "dream". We usually
In what ways did the attitudes of soldiers and civilians change towards the war and towards the enemy between 1914 and 1918?
In what ways did the attitudes of soldiers and civilians change towards the war and towards the enemy between 1914 and 1918? The attitudes of soldiers and civilians changed greatly during the course of the First World War. This was the first war that Britain had been in that genuinely affected everyone in the country. Previous wars such as the Boer war had been fought overseas by small professional armies. This war was a lot closer to home and this meant that peoples' attitudes changed. After war had been declared, soldiers were excited about the war and they saw it as an adventure that would be over by Christmas. "I adore war. Its just like a big picnic without the objectlessness of a picnic," Julian Grenfell, 24th October 1914. There was a surge in patriotic enlistment and propaganda encouraging men to join up. Propaganda is an aspect that affected people's thinking at the time. Soldiers also thought lowly of the German army and their opinion of it also changed markedly during the war. This was due to propaganda from the government and also from interactions with the enemy such as the Christmas truce in 1914. Men began to arrive on the western front expecting to do very little and then come back home as a hero. This was as far away from what actually happened as possible and this mental lack of preparation for what was going to happen was a huge shock to many men who had
In what ways did the First World War change the employment opportunities of women in Britain?
In what ways did the First World War change the employment opportunities of women in Britain? There is no doubt during World War 1 women were employed in much larger numbers and in more areas of work than ever before. Initially, they had to fill the gaps left by the death of so many soldiers in the trenches. When Conscription was introduced in 1916 and all men between the ages of 18 and 41 were forced to serve their country, this widened the amount of work open to women. In May 1918 there were even more jobs open to women when conscription was raised to include men up to 51 years of age. It was not just that men went away to fight but also there were more jobs in the munitions industry as ammunition was needed to beat the Germans and there was a shortage of shells as was seen in 1915. When the war ended women accepted that those men who survived the war would return to their to their old jobs and in many cases they were forced to return to their old jobs as domestic servants. However, there were more jobs for women after the war than there had been before the war firstly because so many men of working age had been killed and secondly because women had proved they were capable of doing many jobs that only men did previously. Many women had to go to work to look after their children after their husbands were killed in the war. There was not a revolution in attitudes to women
In what ways did the First World War change the employment opportunities of women in Britain?
Assignment One: Objective 1 In what ways did the First World War change the employment opportunities of women in Britain? Women did not really have many jobs before the war started in 1914. Women were not permitted to have jobs because if they were married their loyalties ran with their husbands. This also applied if they had a child. The women's job was to make sure that the house was nice, clean and tidy for their husband to come back to and they had to cook all of the meals. Overall in life the women were expected to do all of this. They had to accept that they could not go to work; it was the job of their husband. The women were dependent upon the men to bring in the money so that they could go and buy everything so that they could cook the meals Pre 1914, women worked as servants and in factories. In 1914 there were 5.9million women working out of 23.7million. In domestic service, there were 1.5million women working, 900,00 were working in textiles and 500,000 in the sweated trade. Middle class women sometimes worked as lawyers, teachers, teachers or doctors. But this was a very small number and very few middle class married women would be working at all. Upper class women rarely worked either. Upper class women usually did charity work and the few upper class women that did work had better jobs than the lower class women. A government census of 1911 revealed that 11
