The Euro.
THE EURO What is the euro? It is the official name of the new currency which will be used by the participants in EMU. The euro is also known as the single currency or the single European currency. The introduction of the euro is just one aspect of EMU, although it will be the most visible sign. While legislation will probably refer to the plural of euro as euro, common parlance will probably refer to euros. What will the sub-unit of the euro be called? The sub-unit of the euro will be the cent. Each euro will have 100 cent. Although common usage may refer to cents or centimes as the plural of cent, the technically correct plural is cent, not cents nor centimes. If the £ sign represents sterling, what sign will be used for the euro? European Commission Regulations specify that the euro is officially represented by the symbol . Hence, a reference to 100 euro can also be written as 100. In addition, every currency is provided with a three letter code by a body called the International Standards Organisation. For example, the three letter code for sterling is GBP. The three letter code for the euro is EUR. Hence, 100 euro will often be written in financial circles as EUR100. Many financial institutions will also write 100 euro as euro100, as their computer systems are more easily able to cope with this. Many people will not be able to use the
The European Commission.
The European Commission by Neill Nugent Chapter 1 Introducing the Commission Two distinct levels: College and the services The College of Commissioners: 20 members (two from F, D, I, SP, UK and one from each of the other ten). College: sits at the apex of the Commission. Approval is necessary for all major initiatives and decisions in the Commission's name. Strong tendency towards consensual decision-making. Members of the College hold policy portfolios (responsible for particular areas of policy). Commissioners = the most senior figures in the Commission. The services: 21 000 full-time employees (small). Commission's administration is sub-divided. Main sub-units: Directorates General (DGs). Numbers are subject of periodic change, in the recent years: 20 - 25. Other sub-units: special services. The Commission's multi dimensional nature: composed of many parts contains wide range of different views and interests. Commission = complex "multi-organisation" (Cram). Sometimes tension and friction between the political (College) and administrative (services) arms. College: sometimes tensions and frictions, especially in the cross-sectoral policy areas, over who is responsible for particular aspects of policy. Services: common problem is differences between DGs over policy priorities and policy methods. Functions of the Commission: Commission = Position at the heart of the EU
The European Union.
Background The European Union consists of 15 member states; they are France, the United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Eire, Belgium, Spain, Greece, Luxembourg, Portugal, Denmark, Sweden, Finland and Austria. Below is a map showing the location of these countries. The European community started in 1958 with 6 countries, Germany, Italy, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. They took agreed to the Treaty of Rome and formed a common market on which to trade. By 1993, 6 more countries had joined. The European Union was created on the 1 November 1993; this formed a very large market. Members of the EU decided to work together on legal, political and legal matters. The number of members increased to 15 on January 1995 with Austria, Finland and Sweden joining. There are also many countries that are considering joining the EU; these countries are Turkey, Cyprus, Malta, Hungary and Poland. Objectives of the EU . The main objective for the formation of the European Union was to create a customs union Before the development of the EU, European countries placed tariffs on visibles from each other. Because of this, imported goods were more expensive so demand for them was less than for self produced goods. Therefore it was difficult to export goods to other countries Europe and so unemployment of European workers was high. The EU formed a customs union
The European Union
The European Union By Sarah Dawson What's the European union? The European Union, or European Community (EEC) as it was known then, was established in 1957. It was created to look at the economy of some of the countries in Europe after the Second World War had dramatically crippled it. The committee was set up so that it would be easier for the countries to trade without too much trouble. This was called the common market. It was also set up so that there would be a lasting reconciliation between France and Germany (because obviously Germany was the 'enemy'.) Another reason why it was set up was to develop some kind of political union so that there would be less change on a World War Three. So to summarise the European Union is a union which has 15 countries that all try to work together to help trade, tourism, social and environmental issues. It is constantly coming up with new ideas and rulings that make the country members of the EU nice places to live. Europe without the EU would be a poorer place to live. The benefits of joining the EU There are several benefits for businesses and people: -Can encourage trade between the member countries -It can help the candidate countries to reduce the cost to firms because no commission will be needed on exchanging money -More competition because there will be an increase in trade and might make firms lower costs and boost
Karl Marx.
Brett Clothier 01/18/2003 1st-Sociology Karl Marx Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818, in the city of Trier in the Rhineland, where he completed his early schooling. His fathers side of the family were all rabbis. His father was a prosperous lawyer who adopted Lutheranism for himself and his family in 1824. His mother was from Hungary, and she never learned to read or speak German. At the age of seventeen, he was sent to the University of Bonn to study law. After he was in a duel, he was transferred to the University of Berlin. Instead of applying himself to studying law, Marx began to read the Latin, English, and Italian classics and became interested in philosophy. At the age of nineteen, he became a member of a group who gathered to discuss the interpretations of religious and philosophical views. The triumph of conservatism in government and education led Marx to hurry to complete his university work. Marx received his doctoral degree in 1841. Marx was convinced that an academic career was over and he turned to journalism. In October of 1842, he became editor of a newspaper in Cologne. In the paper, he defended the wine-growing peasants against the wood-theft laws, and expressed his growing awareness of economic issues. This is where he first thought of the idea of physical force overthrowing physical force. Marx later said that this led him to move from
The Arab Israeli - Conflict.
MODERN WORLD ASSIGNMENT: THE ARAB ISRAELI CONFLICT Candidates name: Thomas Lawrence Centre number: 59010 .During the fighting between 1948-9 between Israel and other neighbouring states around 700 000 Arabs fled from there homes. Most of the refugees from Palestine fled to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Also large amounts of the refugees went to neighbouring countries like Syria, Jordan and Lebanon. To this date the United Nations (UN) reckons there are around 2 500 000 Palestinian refugees. This is one of the major contributing facts to why the war between Israel and the Palestinians is still going on to this day. From a source in a book Jonathan Dimbleby, a British observer comments on the conditions around the refugee camp. He describes the conditions as atrocious; families are huddled in overcrowded tents. They are without adequate or sanitation. When it started to rain the earth was churned into mud, which oozed into the tents and blocked the narrow paths. The clothes that they lived in were wet and dirty and the blankets they slept in were sodden. Dew to the poor living conditions Influenza reached to an epidemic proportions killing the young and the old. This led the people with no more will to live so this is why there are extremists blowing themselves up. There is a source from a book where a mother is commenting on her sun blowing him self up. She says that I
The cold war
During the cold war, relief and politics were seen as separate. Yet with an increasing recognition that relief alone is insufficient for the complex humanitarian emergencies, many humanitarian agencies have come to rethink the relationship between humanitarianism and politics. This shifting concept of humanitarian assistance is often called a new humanitarianism. It considers that humanitarian aid should be integrated into part of the long term processes of political issues in relation to the promotion of peace and justice. New humanitarianism is political from the start, and its logical consequence, it rejects the traditional principle of neutrality. In classical humanitarianism, neutrality is one of the essential principles, together with humanity, impartiality, and independence. It considers that humanitarian agencies must seek the consent of warring parties to work in the context of violence in order to gain access to all victims in need of help. Neutrality requires that humanitarian agencies not become involved in, or engaged in any hostilities, abstaining from any political or military considerations. The main priority of neutral agencies is the immediate relief of human suffering. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) has kept its neutral position at war as the centre of its mission. For the ICRC, neutrality is described as, "in order to enjoy
The Common Agricultural Policy.
The Common Agricultural Policy ) The 5 objectives of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) set out in Article 39 of the Treaty of Rome were: * To increase agricultural productivity * To ensure a fair standard of living for farmers * To stabilise markets * To guarantee availability of supplies * To ensure fair prices for consumers 2) An intervention price is a price at which the EU/government will buy produce from the producer. It is a fixed price, and it is the minimum price that the producer will get for their goods. In this case, the EU established an intervention price at which it would buy the produce from the farmers. As a result the farmers could either choose to sell their produce on the open market or sell it to the EU for the minimum fixed price. As a result of the intervention price scheme farmers increased their production - knowing that no matter how much they produced, the EU would buy it. Naturally supply began to outstrip demand. Instead of the EU selling the produce produced by the farmers, they have stored them in large warehouses and as a result the infamous lakes and mountains have developed. This excess produce then had to be sold, often at a fraction of the cost of production, and some was even destroyed. 3) CAP has affected consumers in two ways. Firstly, they have to pay higher prices for goods which would be cheaper if they were bought on the
The congress of Vienna.
Social assignment The congress of Vienna was Sept., 1814-June, 1815, one of the most important international conferences in European history, called to remake Europe after the downfall of Napoleon I. It was brought together to restore a balance of power so that no one country could be in a position to dominate Europe as Napoleon had. The major characters involved in the Congress of Vienna included Alexander, the current Czar of Russia, Tallyrand who represented France, Castlereagh the representation of Great Britain, and the man considered to be most important in the congress of Vienna, Metternich, the representation of Austria. Metternich (1773-1859) was a very pivotal figure. He was the basis of the organized coalition that triumphed over Napoleon. Previous to the congress of Vienna, Metternich had belonged to the old order of courts and kings. Metternich hated the new force of nationalism and liberalism. He believed that liberalism was a dangerous disease carried by middle class malcontents and believed that domestic order and international stability depended on rule by monarchy and respect for aristocracy. He considered himself the defender of European civilization. During the congress of Vienna (1814-15) he blocked Russian plans for the annexation of the whole of Poland and Prussia's attempt to absorb Saxony. He aimed for and succeeded in creating a German
"Supreme Court Appointments are always controversial" Discuss
'Supreme Court appointments are always controversial' discuss There are nearly always arguments over whether an appointment to the Supreme Court was correct or not. However, we can see that the court is pretty balanced between conservatives and liberals. Some might say that Supreme Court appointments are controversial simply because of the nature of them - they are political appointments. Some may also say that these appointments must be controversial, because a Supreme Court appointment - is for life, and they are also granted the power of judicial review. Therefore if there is no debate over a nomination - surely there must be something wrong, as it would be extremely hard to have a 'perfect' appointment per se. Others may say that the controversy of the appointment really depends on which seat is up for grabs. Judicial nominations are considered extremely important - firstly because they occur infrequently, secondly, the appointments are for life, thirdly, there are only nine members of the Supreme Court, so therefore In appointing a justice, a president is replacing one ninth of the court membership and lastly because of the power of judicial review as I said earlier. One might say that Supreme Court appointments are controversial because of the amount of power which is vested in the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court holds the power of judicial review over both the
