beetroot experiment
Why does the colour leak out of cooked Beetroot? Introduction: The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effect of temperature on membrane structure and highlight experimental and investigative skills. Background Knowledge: Beetroot appears as a dark/red purple colour caused by betalain pigment which is contained within the vacuole of beetroot cells. In order for the betalain to leave the cell, it needs to pass through different membranes, the membrane bounding the vacuole and membrane enclosing the cell. Beetroot cells are quite unstable and will leak out when cut, heated, cooked, or when in contact with air or sunlight. This can also be showed and done by adding detergents and solvents as part of solution with the beetroot. Beta lain pigments are named after "beet" family of plants. Plant cells are quite different from other eukaryotic kingdom's organisms. Their distinctive features are: large central vacuole that maintains the cell's turgid and controls movements of molecules' cytosol and sap, of course chloroplast that contain chlorophyll which is the pigment that allows photosynthesis and more importantly the nucleus which controls the whole activity of the cell, also a wall made up of cellulose and protein deposited by protoplast on the outside of cell membrane. The plasma membrane is the inner layer of protection surrounded by rigid cell wall. The
A study of Osmosis in plant cells
A study of Osmosis in plant cells Introduction In my following investigation, I will be studying osmosis. Osmosis is the process whereby water molecules pass across a semi permeable membrane from a less concentrated solution in to a higher concentrated solution. Because the holes in the membrane are very small, only small molecules can pass through them. For example, water is a small molecule, and sucrose is a big molecule, only the water can pass through the semi permeable membrane. When the two solutions either side of the membrane are of equal concentrations, the water does not stop moving through the membrane, there is just a net movement from each side. If you have two solutions of different concentrations, the solution with the higher concentration is said to be hypertonic and the solution with the lower concentration is said to be hypotonic. When the concentrations of the two solutions are the same, it is said to be isotonic. The exact concentration of the solutions when they are isotonic is known as the isosmotic point. If a semi-permeable membrane separates a hypotonic solution and a hypertonic solution, the water molecules will pass from the hypotonic to the hypertonic solution by the process of osmosis, turning it into an isotonic solution. Hypertonic Solution Hypotonic Solution Isotonic Solution I will be conducting an experiment, to
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) What is Intracytoplasmic sperm injection? In summary Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is a specialized form of in vitro fertilization (IVF) which is used for the treatment of certain cases of male infertility. ICSI involves the injection of a single sperm directly into a mature egg. In detail One of the most common male infertility includes low sperm counts, therefore ICSI is a great method because it involves putting a single sperm directly into a mature egg. Approximately 30-40% of all infertility is due to significant male factor problems, in some rare cases it can be problems with the female’s egg. ICSI has been seen to revolutionise the treatment of infertility because the procedure is an estimated 25-30 % birth rate. This Booklet gives overview into ICSI, how it is performed, benefits with undergoing treatment, risks, how well it works and the comparison between ICSI and IVF. Sperm collection There are two types of sperm The "Y" (male) sperm and the "X" (female) sperm. There are three parts to sperm the head, neck and tail. The head consists of a nucleus containing the highly compacted DNA, the neck maintains the connection between the sperm head and tail, the tail is like a motor it spins so the sperm can swim. For the collection of sperm it can be by means of Masturbation, or they can be surgically removed
The Process of Osmosis and its Importance to Living Organisms.
The Process of Osmosis and its Importance to Living Organisms. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane that does not allow dissolved solids (solutes) to pass. Osmosis refers only to diffusion of water and the direction of movement is from the area of higher concentration to the area of lower concentration. This migration of water from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration is spontaneous and although water molecules move in both directions, the net movement is from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. Osmosis is of prime importance in living organisms, where it influences the distribution of nutrients and the release of metabolic waste products such as urea. Many nutrients and essential molecules that one needs to live are dissolved in water. So if water couldn't diffuse, we wouldn't get essential molecules to live. If blood cells, for example, are placed in contact with an isotonic solution, they will neither shrink nor swell. However, if the solution is hypertonic, the cells will lose water and shrink. A real life example of such an event occurring is the consumption of saltwater. Saltwater from the ocean is hypertonic to the cells of the human body; the drinking of ocean water dehydrates body tissues instead of quenching ones thirst. If the solution is hypotonic, for example deionised
P6Explain how these dietary nutrients are processed through the digestive system
P6- Explain how these dietary nutrients are processed through the digestive system M4- Use chemical equations to show how the main food groups are dealt with in the digestive system Dietary nutrients in the digestive system Protein Proteins can be found in many different types of foods. They can be found in beans, meat and even eggs. The proteins contained within this food are used to build and repair body tissues. However, before these body tissues can be repaired by using the proteins, the proteins must be broken down and digested by enzymes in the digestive system. An enzyme breaks down and is in the juice of the stomach. This starts the digestion of the proteins that are contained within different food’s such as meat. Enzymes that are present in the pancreas and the lining of the intestine complete the breakdown of the large protein molecules into the smaller protein molecules. The proteins that are broken down are then absorbed into the small intestine and into the blood, it helps to build and repair cells and walls of the body. Enzymes from the pancreatic juice break down the protein molecules into amino acids. This helps in the breakdown of food. Amino acids are absorbed into the blood capillaries and transported around the body. Proteins can be digested into the liver where they are stored as fats or glycogen or converted into fatty acids. The stored proteins
Lymphedema development in the human body
Lymphedema development in the human body As known, the function of the lymphatic system is to carry lymph (protein-rich fluid) around the body as it collects harmful microorganisms and waste products. Lymph vessels carry the lymph and other harmful/wasteful substances to the lymph nodes which then gets filtered by lymphocytes (White blood cells). Lymphedema is seen when the lymph vessels aren’t able to drain the lymph efficiently. This is generally seen in limbs as the lymph vessels and/or lymph nodes get blocked and swelling of the body parts occur. The blockage can be due to the lymph fluid in the tissues building up and the swelling takes place as the amount of fluid in the particular area of the body is greater than the lymphatic system’s capacity in order to transport it away. It can progress into a troublesome disorder in time however at first it will seem to come and go. For example in the mornings it may be at minimal stage and during the day time it will become larger. And in time it may become permanent as the area will feel stiff and painful. Build-up of protein and fat along with the lymph fluid. Lymphedema can split into two types- primary and secondary. Primary being occurring on its own and secondary lymphedema being caused by another disease or condition. Secondary lymphedema is known to be more common than primary lymphedema. Secondary lymphedema can be
Does Caffeine affect heart rate?
Does Caffeine affect heart rate? Aim: To investigate the effect of caffeine on the heart rate of Daphnia Introduction: I will be measuring the heart rate of a Daphnia once I have exposed it to different concentrations of caffeine to see if caffeine affects heart rate. I have done a preliminary experiment so that I know which concentrations to use, how long to measure the Daphnia's heart rate for and so that I have practised counting the Daphnia's heart beat. This means that I will harm the Daphnia the smallest amount possible, will know how long the experiment will take me and will be fully prepared. My hypothesis is: when the concentration of caffeine increases, the heart rate of the Daphnia will also increase. I think this because caffeine is a stimulant of the central nervous system, cardiac muscle, and respiratory system. This means that it increases your body actions, such as heart rate, blood pressure and metabolism. I believe that it will have the same effect on Daphnia so that their heart rate increases as the concentraion of caffeine increases. Variables: My independent variable is the concentration of caffeine, whilst my dependent variable is the heart rate of the Daphnia. In order to make my experiment fair I will control the following variables: ?The temperature of the solutions I am using, as a change of temperature may increase or decrease the
The mechanism of Negative feedback.
Biology Essay-The mechanism of Negative feedback Homeostastis means bhattified sex. is an ability of an orgasmn to control its internal environment, that is the composition of their body fluids, for them to survive fluctuating external conditions. Homeostasis is used to describe all the mechanisms by homeostatic control. Maintenance of stability requires control systems capable of detecting any deviation from the usual and making the necessary adjustments to return it to its normal condition. The internal environment can by controlled by hormones. Hormones are chemical substances secreted into bloodstream by glands of the endocrine system. In humans, more than a dozen tissues and organs produce hormones. Some, including the pituitary, the thyroid, the parathyroid glands and adrenal glands are endocrine specialists; their function is to secrete one or more hormones. The endocrine system maintains homeostasis, the balance of the body, by making sure the concentration of many different substances in body fluids are kept at correct level. Controls of blood sugar level, blood pH and water balance are all examples of homeostasis. Homeostasis is a characteristic of living things. Term is used for any system, biological or non-biological, which is in a steady state. Whenever a physiological factor changes, the body will detect the change and by either using hormonal or
the heart
The heart Intro: The heart is a muscular organ and is responsible fore pumping blood around the body, and on average the human heart beats at 72 beats per minute. When looking at the heart (see diagram) it is important to remember that the left and right side are reversed (due to the way we are looking at it). The right side of the heart deals with deoxygenated blood and pumps it into the lungs. The left side of the heart deals with oxygenated blood, and pumps it around the entire body. The lower chambers of the heart is know as the ventricles and is more muscular and stronger than the upper chambers, known as the atria. This is because a large volume of blood is pumped from the ventricles up through the atria and around the body. It is important to maintain a healthy heart, as it reduces the risk of developing high blood pressure and cholesterol levels, as well as developing heart disease. By eating healthy and doing regular exercise we are able to reduce theses factors as well as reducing stress levels too. Main: The heart is a muscular organ that it part of the cardiovascular system. It is located between the lungs, behind the sternum and is approximately the size of a fist. The heart is protected by a membrane called the pericardium which surrounds the heart and secretes a fluid that reduces friction when the heart beats. The atria's job is to receive blood
The Effect Of Temperature On The Permeability Of The Cell Membrane
"The Effect Of Temperature On The Permeability Of The Cell Membrane" Aim: My aim of this experiment is to investigate whether changing the temperature (independent variable) of the water around a disk of a beetroot will affect the permeability of a beetroot, by measuring the release of pigment (dependant variable) into water using a digital colorimeter. The colorimeter will be used to measure the light absorbency of anthocyanin (the pigment found in the cell membrane of the beetroot) this can help us work out how much diffusion takes place at different temperatures such as 0,20,40, 60 and 80 degrees Celsius. Introduction I will be conducting an experiment to find out what effect different temperatures has on the permeability of the Beetroot's cell membrane; the temperatures that I will be testing on the beetroot is 0, 20, 40 and 60 degrees Celsius. Background Knowledge Most people think that Beetroot cells are colored red because they contain a red dye called anthocyanin, But in fact they are colored red caused by two distinct pigments, there is a yellow one known as a betaxanthin and a purple pigment known as betacyanin and are together they are referred to as betalins. In beetroot cells the red anthocyanin pigment occurs in the vacuoles. A membrane called the tonoplast surrounds each vacuole. The cytoplasm and vacuole is surrounded by the plasma membrane. The
