Catalyse Investigation
Catalyse is an enzyme that breaks down hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. Hydrogen Peroxide Water + Oxygen 2H2O2 2H2O +O2 The factors that affect enzyme activity are: · Enzyme concentration (Gareth Williams, Biology For You page 31) · Substrate concentration (Mary + Geoff Jones, Biology page ) · Temperature (Gareth Williams, Biology For You page 31) · pH (Gareth Williams, Biology For You page 31) Background Information Enzymes such as catalyse are protein molecules, which are found in living cells. They are used to speed up specific reactions in the cells. They are all very specific as each enzyme just performs one particular reaction. Catalyse is an enzyme found in food such as potato and liver. It is used for removing Hydrogen Peroxide from the cells. Catalyse speeds up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide into water and oxygen. It is able to speed up the decomposition of Hydrogen Peroxide because of the shape of the Hydrogen Peroxide molecule. This type of reaction where a molecule is broken down into smaller pieces is called an anabolic reaction. In my investigation I will study the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate of catalyse activity. Prediction I predict that if I increase the enzyme concentration this will increase the rate of catalyse activity because there will be more active sites for reactions, resulting in more chemical
How does the concentration of enzymes affect the breakdown of starch by a-amylase in biological washing powders?
How does the concentration of enzymes affect the breakdown of starch by ?-amylase in biological washing powders? In the cleaning business, it's important to get a maximum cleaning effect at a minimum cost. This is especially applicable to the washing of clothes (both commercially, before an item of clothing goes on the market, or at home). This means trying to wash clothes at the lowest possible temperature, to keep the amount of electricity used at a minimum, yet trying to make and maintain a low-priced washing product that cleans effectively. This is why many washing powders use enzymes: enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the breakdown of certain substances (in this case the molecules in food stain). Enzymes have a certain optimum temperature (a temperature at which the enzymes function at its best). Optimum temperatures are different for every enzyme, but they tend to be around 45°C. This means that if enzymes are to be used in washing powders, the temperature at which the clothes are washed will have to be at the optimum temperature, in order to achieve maximum enzymatic effect. This optimum temperature, in the case of the enzymes concerned (the enzymes that break down protein, fats and starch in food stains on clothes), is lower than the normal washing temperature of clothes, 60°C, which means the use of enzymes in washing powders will reduce the washing
Investigate how concentration of the enzyme catalase in celery tissue alters the rate of reaction with hydrogen peroxide.
Problem: Investigate how concentration of the enzyme catalase in celery tissue alters the rate of reaction with hydrogen peroxide. An enzyme, a biological catalyst, accelerates a chemical reaction, without changing the reaction's outcome and can be recovered from amongst the end products. For just about every reaction in a living organism there is an enzyme to catalyse it. For a chemical reaction to occur two conditions must be satisfied: the reacting molecules collide at the correct orientation to each other; and the second is that the reactants contain enough energy to bring about the breakage of appropriate chemical bonds. The energy can come from heat energy but the temperature needed is hard to obtain and maintain in an organism and is harmful to cells, amongst other things. In addition to raising the temperature, the rate of reaction can be altered by increasing the pressure, the presence of a catalyst, the concentration of reactants and the surface area across which the reaction occurs, although these factors may not apply to all reactions. This energy, required by the substrate to react and form an end-product, is called the activation energy. The diagram below shows how activation energy is changed by an enzyme-induced reaction. Fig 1.1 Activation Energy and Enzyme-catalysis, influence of. An enzyme decreases the activation energy and therefore rate of reaction
The effect of Copper Sulphate concentration on Catalase activity on Hydrogen Peroxide.
The effect of Copper Sulphate concentration on Catalase activity on Hydrogen Peroxide Aim: The aim of my investigation is to explore the effects of chemical inhibitors upon the rate of reaction. The reaction I am going to focus on is the breakdown of Hydrogen Peroxide by the enzyme Catalase. Such reaction is represented by the following equation: 2H202 (aq) ?2H20 (l) + 02 (g) Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, is a colourless, syrupy liquid that is a strong oxidising agent and, in water solution, a Iak acid. It is miscible with cold water and is soluble in alcohol and ether. Although pure hydrogen peroxide is fairly stable, it decomposes into water and oxygen when heated above about 80°C; it also decomposes in the presence of numerous catalysts, e.g., most metals, acids, or oxidisable organic materials. A small amount of stabiliser, usually acetanilide, is often added to it. Upon the bases of this information, collected from the source (www.encyclopedia.com) and a pilot experiment, which I carried out, I decided that the latter could function as a suitable substrate for the reaction I am going to be studying. Catalase is an enzyme: enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up the rate of a reaction by loIring the activation energy needed to initially break the bonds that hold the reactant molecules together. Catalases are some of the most efficient enzymes found in cells. Each
WHAT EFFECT DOES SUBSTRATE HAVE ON THE RATE OF RESPIRATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE?
WHAT EFFECT DOES SUBSTRATE HAVE ON THE RATE OF RESPIRATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE? Aim: To investigate the effects of different types of substrates on the rate of respiration of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae by measuring the volume of CO2 produced using a gas syringe Background information What is respiration? Respiration is the name given to the biological process which occurs in all living cells. It involves the release of energy, by oxidising glucose. Glucose is a carbohydrate, specifically a monosaccharide, which undergoes a series of reactions releasing energy which the cell uses. Every cell needs energy and thus every cell respires to release the energy that it needs. However, respiration consists of many stages. These stages are glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle and finally, the electron transport chain. These are explained in detail below: C6H2O6(aq) + 6 O2 (g) --> 6 CO2 (g) + 6H2O(l) + energy Glucose + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + water + energy Glycolysis: a process in which a 6C sugar, usually glucose, is split into 2 pyruvate molecules, which are a 3C acid. The process takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell and is summarised in detail below. Glucose, like many sugars is very unreactive and therefore needs to be activated. Therefore it is converted into a more reactive hexose sugar, fructose bisphosphate by adding 2
A Level Biology revision notes
Balanced Diet * Energy Balance o Energy is obtained from food * Main energy from carbohydrates (glucose) and fats * Proteins are used for growth and repair first * Excess proteins is converted to energy o Out of balance * More energy/food than required › obesity * Less energy/food than required › starvation o Types of carbohydrates * Intrinsic sugars: found within cells (fruits) * Extrinsic sugars: sugars that have been added to food (processed food) * Milk sugars: found in milk products * Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) o Energy needed at rest (not when asleep!) for routine tasks of cells (excrete waste) o Factors that influence BMR * Age * Young > Old * Growth requires more energy › children, pregnant women (fetus) * Young and active people have more muscles than older people * Sex * Male > Female * Women have more adipose than muscle tissue * Muscles (work out) require more energy than fat cells (storage) * Body size * Tall and thin > short and obese * Tall and thin people have a large surface area but small volume * Loose heat quicker * Need more energy to maintain body temp * High body mass > Low body mass * High body mass › more cells that require energy * Starvation o No carbohydrates and fats are available in the diet o Body starts to break down its own proteins (muscles) Function of Fibres * Polysaccharides (cellulose) that
The effect of Electromagnetic Fields on Enzyme Activity
THE EFFECTS OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS ON ENZYME ACTIVITY Silvia Panico Monday, September 17, 2001 Word count: 9661 AIM: To observe and determine the effects of an electromagnetic field of low frequency on enzyme activity THEORY / PREDICTION: An important topic which is very discussed in today's society is the effect of electromagnetic radiation or fields on the human body. A great amount of research has been done in this field all of which has ended up in conflicting results, and all wraps up to one conclusion: the evidence isn't enough to declare electromagnetic fields dangerous or beneficent to the human body. To further explore this area we will first need to observe the nature of electromagnetic fields and separately the one of enzymes to then decide the results of the two clashing together. The electromagnetic spectrum includes waves, or radiation, of all frequencies. The higher ones are properties of gamma rays and x-rays, these have also a very short wavelength, and they are know to be very dangerous to the human body because they are
An investigation to examine the effects of temperature on membrane stability in beetroot, by assessing the degree of pigment leakage.
An investigation to examine the effects of temperature on membrane stability in beetroot, by assessing the degree of pigment leakage. Aim: - to discover how temperature affects the stability of the cell membrane in beetroot. Introduction:- Plant cells contain a plant cell wall as well as a cell membrane, which surround the protoplast (everything that is within the cell) of the cells. All cell membranes consist of a phospholipids bilayer, which are made up of two layers of phospholipids, hence the name. The plasma membrane is a partially permeable barrier between the cell and the extra cellular environment. The plasma membrane mainly consists of phospholipids. These phospholipids are a phosphate head, which is attached to two fatty acid tails (hydrocarbon chain). The phosphate group is highly soluble in water and so hydrophilic; however, the fatty acid tails are not soluble in water and therefore are hydrophobic. In the plasma membrane, the phospholipids are in two layers (hence the name phospholipid bilayer). The hydrophobic regions of the phospholipids line up together in the middle of the membrane, whilst the hydrophilic regions are on the outside of the membrane. Due to the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer, it is generally not possible for large charged molecules or ions to pas through the membrane freely. The phospholipids have a hydrophilic (water
An experiment to find of the isotonic point of root vegetables cells in contents using osmosis
Centre number: 20603 Candidate number: 1216 Name: Mohammed Zafran An experiment to find of the isotonic point of root vegetables cells in contents using osmosis Aim - I am going to investigate how different concentrations affect root vegetables finding the point of balanced osmosis, as this will be the isotonic point where the amount of water diffusing into the cell is equal to that diffusing out of the cell hence at this point equilibrium will exist and the isotonic point will be obtained. Therefore when I obtain my results and plot them on a graph the point at which they intercept the x-axis, will be my isotonic point. As the isotonic point is the point in which the net movement of water is equal therefore as I know that the mass is affected by the water content present in the cell. Therefore I will plot the values for my % mass increase/ decrease to find the isotonic point for each root vegetable. The x- axis will have the different concentration values; the y-axis of my graph will have the % change. As the my line of best fit intercepts the x-axis this will mean that my percentage change will be 0% and therefore at this concentration the isotonic point for my root vegetable will be obtained. Equipment required for the practical investigation. * 24 McCartney bottles will be used- These will be used to contain the various concentrations of sucrose
Amylase Investigation
Amylase Investigation Aim Industries today rely on enzymes because they can make processes more profitable. Enzymes are biodegradable proteins that make production processes more efficient and cost-effective, resulting in higher quality products. Enzymes are the key to a sustainable future as they help protect the environment by reducing waste and the need for harsh chemicals. Our bodies also produce enzymes for example fighting diseases, growth and digestion. Therefore, in order to understand what to do when reactions in our bodies are not working very well or to make industries as efficient as possible, we need to know about the conditions enzymes work best in. This investigation deals with looking at which temperature the enzyme Amylase digests starch at the fastest. It investigates the effect of temperature on the breakdown of starch by amylase, and finding the optimum temperature for the reaction. Background Information Enzymes Enzymes, are any one of many specialized organic substances, composed of polymers of amino acids, that act as catalysts to regulate the speed of the many chemical reactions involved in the metabolism of living organisms. Enzymes are biological catalysts. Catalysis is defined as the acceleration of a chemical reaction by some substance which itself undergoes no permanent chemical change. For example, platinum is used to catalyse the reaction
