Analysing the vitamin C content in different fruit juices
Title : The Vitamin C Content in Fruit Juices Name : Yii Seng Ong Date : 28 August 2011 Class : 12M15 Student ID : 2011200378 Name of lecturer : Madam Ida Muryany binti Md. Yasin Objective . To determine and compare the concentration of vitamin C in different kind of fruit juices 2. To determine and compare the concentration of vitamin C in freshly prepared fruit juices and carton fruit juices Introduction . Vitamin C Vitamin C or also can be known as ascorbic acid is the elonic form of 3-oxo-L-gulofuranolactone. It can be synthesized from glucose or extracted from other plant sources such as blackcurrants, rose hips or citrus fruits. The empirical formula for vitamin C is C6H8O6. Other than that, the molecular weight for ascorbic acid is 176.1. Its melting point is about 190°C( with decomposition). The appearance is white to slightly yellowish crystalline powder. It is practically odourless, with a strong acidic property and a sour taste. Figure 1 : 2D structure of vitamin C Figure 2 : 3D structure of vitamin C Generally, vitamins are a group of complex organic compounds which play an essential role in animal metabolic process but which the animal cannot synthesis. Vitamins do not provide energy however, in their absence the animal develops certain deficiency diseases or other
Biology coursework planning - the effect of lead chloride on the growth of cress seeds
Biology coursework planning - the effect of lead chloride on the growth of cress seeds Aim: To investigate the effect of different concentrations of a heavy metal chloride, namely lead chloride, on the growth of cress seeds. Introduction: Heavy metals compounds, such as lead chloride are able to dissolve in rain and enter the soils surrounding plants. Some sources of such compounds are exhaust fumes from vehicles, additives in gasoline and paints, fertilisers and mining. Lead chloride is able to accumulate in the soil at sufficient concentrations and is easily absorbed by plants. For plants, lead is a toxin and when present in significant amounts, can cause severe decreases in their growth as well as death. The toxicity of heavy metals is seen as the irregularities in the normal functioning of the plant rather than direct toxicity to plant cells. Symptoms include stunted growth and the yellowing of plants (called chlorosis). Heavy metals collect in different organs of a plant and produce variable effects. Lead disrupts the plant's plasma membrane structure as well as permeability (proteins in the membrane), osmotic balance (the intake of water and ions) and indirectly, plant metabolism (the availability of nutrients for chemical reactions.) These factors are discussed below in further detail. The root cells of a plant carry proteins called chelates in their cell
Investigating respiration of maggots
Investigating respiration of maggots By Osman Khan Lee 13 Aim The aim of my investigation is to see how the rate of respiration of some maggots differs between room temperature and other temperatures, in terms of volume of oxygen produced. Simple Prediction I predict that as I raise the temperature of the maggots, the rate of respiration will increase. I think this because respiration is an enzyme-dependant process of reactions. Increasing the temperature will give the enzymes and substrates more kinetic energy and therefore will increase the rate of respiration. This is explained in further detail later on. Method . Using a syringe filled with manometer fluid, I will half fill a manometer. 2. I will then attach a 3-way tap to one of the delivery tubes on the bung and to this tap I will attach a syringe. 3. Next I will put 2g of soda lime in the bottom of each of the two boiling tubes, and will then place a gauze into each, which will rest slightly above the soda lime. 4. I shall then weigh some maggots using some measuring scales, and then put these into one of the boiling tubes, ensuring that none come into contact with the soda lime. After doing this I will place another gauze on top of the maggots to prevent them climbing up the tube. 5. I will then connect this boiling tube up with the manometer, as shown in the diagram. 6. I will then putt some glass beads
Fighter Pilot A Statistical Analysis of Reaction time and its Correlation with Dominant & Non-Dominant Hands
Fighter Pilot A Statistical Analysis of Reaction time and its Correlation with Dominant & Non-Dominant Hands Introduction This experiment seeks to determine reaction times in two groups of matched subjects; dominant and non-dominant hands, using the ruler drop test. Reaction time experiments are performed to measure the alertness of the mind and will give an indication of the speed of the reflexes that different groups of varied individuals have. The experiment tests how long it takes the brain to translate visual information into the voluntary motor commands, actions which lead to a ruler being grabbed. The shorter the length at which the ruler is grabbed, the shorter time and therefore the faster the person's reaction. The controls of these processes within the human body are the responsibility of the nervous system which is the seat of voluntary and involuntary movements along with language, emotion and memory. (1) The experiment begins with an environmental stimulus via light reflected from a moving ruler being dropped from a height above the subject's hand. (1) This transmits into a sensory nervous impulse within the optic nerve. Beginning in the retina of the eye, information is detected by photoreceptors (rods and cones) they relay the visual signals on to bipolar cells which transmit on to ganglion cells. (2) The axons of all ganglion cells in the retina of each
Find out if enzymes work faster or slower at different temperatures.
Nick Spong Biology 10/11/03 Introduction This is the plan and evaluation of an experiment to find out if enzymes work faster or slower at different temperatures. We will be timing how long it takes to see a cross through 20cm3 of Marvel milk solution at three different temperatures. We will be using the enzyme neutrase to break down Marvel milk. Hypothesis My hypothesis (theory) is that at temperatures over 40°c the neutrase will be increasingly denatured and the milk will not clarify. Under 40°c the neutrase will be slowed down. However I predict that at 40°c the neutrase will be working well as this temperature is near its optimum temperature and so the milk will decolorize the fastest. I have made my prediction based on the following evidence: The reason that the milk will decolorize or do anything at all is because neutrase is an enzyme. Enzymes are biological catalysts. This means that they are a biological life form that catalyses (speeds up) a process. They have an optimum temperature and pH. Both of these have to be almost exactly right, otherwise their performance deteriorates rapidly. In high temperatures the enzyme will be denatured and will not work even if you bring the temperature back down. However, at low temperatures, and low and high pH's, all you have to do is bring the environment close to the enzyme's optimum environment and the enzyme
Biology - Most effective way of reducing blood pressure
The Problem - High Blood Pressure has always been the cause of Stokes and CHD (Coronary Heart Disease) leading to a Heart Attack or even CVD (Cardio Vascular Disease). It indeed is the biggest killer in this developed world. High blood pressure directly implicates on the blood vessels, the veins and the arteries. When blood pressure increases, it constantly damages the arteries, whereas arteries already have narrow lumens. When the artery wall gets damaged, by the high blood pressure putting an extra strain on the layer of cells (Endothelium), there are white blood cells moving to the damaged area, and they accumulate cholesterol from the blood. This cholesterol builds a deposit, known as atheroma. This is an inflammatory response. There also are calcium salts and fibrous tissue building up at the site, resulting in a hard swelling called a plaque on the inner wall of the artery. This hardens the artery. Those plaques case the artery to become narrower, which makes it more difficult for the heart to pump blood around the body, in other words, there is a rise in blood pressure plus there now is a positive feedback building up as the process continues. A Blood Clot may also form there and even block the artery completely, minimising the blood supply, containing oxygen, to the heart which can lead to a heart attack and major CHD(s). {Results show that over 7 million people had
Investigation on the size of Limpets.
Investigation on the size of Limpets Abstract: During my preliminary investigations, I established that sheltered and exposed rocky shores, differed immensely in their size of Limpets. Thus I was inspired to compare the size of Limpets on the sheltered rocky shore, Frenchman's Steps. The background knowledge and preliminary work enabled me conclude the following hypothesis; there will be a statistically significant difference between the size of limpets found on the sheltered rocky shore at two different vertical heights. I decided to look at 3M and 6M above chart datum for my investigation, as looking at the profile graph (appendix) the number of limpets was high at that chart datum. Aim: To determine if there is a difference in the size of limpets at two heights in there Vertical range. Scientific Background Limpets are animals that belong to the family Patellidae, subclass Prosobranchia of the phylum Molluscs. They have a strong, conical shell composed mainly of calcium carbonate, protecting the internal tissue, underneath which is a sucker, also known as the limpet foot, which allows limpets to adhere to rock surfaces, as shown in the photographs. Limpets are usually immobile unless they are foraging and so zonation is less apparent. As can be seen from the pictures above, limpets have a hydrodynamic shape so that resistance to water flow is reduced. This
The Human Genome Project
Amira Nicola January, 2001 The Human Genome Project The Human Genome project is a scientific research effort to analyse the DNA of human beings and that of several other types of organism. The project began in the United States in 1990 under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Energy and the National Institutes of Health. It was scheduled to be completed in 15 years. The project's goal is to identify the location of every human gene and to determine each gene's precise chemical structure in order to understand its function in health and disease. In the nucleus of every cell in the human body, there are 23 pairs of chromosomes, each of which is composed of several genes. Genes are discrete stretches of nucleotides that carry the information the cell uses to make proteins. The most important component of a chromosome is the single continuous molecule of DNA. This double-stranded molecule, which is shaped as a double helix, is composed of linked chemical compounds known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three parts: a sugar known as deoxyribose, a phosphate compound, and any one of four bases-adenine, thymine, guanine, or cytosine. These parts are linked together so that the sugar and the phosphate form the two parallel sides of the DNA ladder. This double-helical structure of the DNA molecule was discovered Watson and Crick in 1953, for
The Effect Of Temperature on the Respiration Of Yeast.
The Effect Of Temperature on the Respiration Of Yeast Introduction: - I am going to find out how temperature effects the respitory action of yeast. I am going to do this by using six different temperatures, 25oC, 30oC, 35oC, 40oC, 45oC and 50oC and a solution called TTC which is absorbed by the yeast cells turning them pink when hydrogen is removed from the metabolic pathway by the dehydrogenase enzyme. Background Information: - Yeast: - Yeast is unicellular fungus that buds profusely under favourable conditions. They are classified as sac-fungi (Ascomyctes) even though they are unicellular. Yeast is common in areas where there is sugar because of this they are given the name saccharomyces (Sugar fungi). They grow on the surface of fruits, in the nectar of flowers, in sap excluded from trees, in the soil and in fresh water. Yeasts are used in all sorts of arrears such as alcoholic fermentation (fermentation is the name given only to the anaerobic respiration of yeast) to baking bread. Yeasts are of a great economic importance and are yeast for biochemical research for example in respiration and enzymes. Yeast exists as Diploid or Haploid cells and divides by mitosis and meiosis. Yeasts are not plant or animal because they do not photosynthesise and they do not have any chloroplast. Yeast is a saprophyte. This is an organism, which obtains its nutrients from dead or
Too Much Information: Genetic Testing
Too Much Information: Genetic Testing Biology OAC ISP Essay - By Daniel Perez Genetic testing offers a whole new world of information about us and how our bodies work. The data we get from delving into our own genetic code can help us to cure or even prevent disease, stop medical conditions such as cancer or cystic fibrosis from even manifesting, or even correct these sorts of errors before birth, and many other beneficial uses. However, at this point in time, all of this is beyond us. We have no miracle cures, no 'magic bullet' with which to fight disease or genetic conditions, in fact, our understanding of the genetic code is so limited that it's as if we cannot see the forest for the trees. We have taken our first baby steps into understanding human genetics with the completion of the Human Genome Project, and now that we have the big picture, we can begin to interpret it. Through information gleaned from our DNA, we now know that there are certain medical conditions that are caused by certain patterns within the genes. Some examples of these genetic conditions include Tay-Sach's disease, Bloom syndrome, Deafness, cystic fibrosis, and many other diseases (http://www.einstein.edu/e3front.dll?durki=7158). Although many of these conditions are fatal, the ones that are not can be treated early, even before symptoms develop when possible, or if not treated, at least monitored
