Discuss the relevance of the concept of the rule of law to current constitutional arrangements in the UK
"In the mouth of British Constitutional Lawyer, the term "rule of law" seems to mean primary a corpus of basic principles and values, which together lend some stability and coherence to the legal order". (TRS Allan). In the light of the quote above, I am going to discuss the relevance of the concept of the rule of law to current constitutional arrangements in the UK. I will be looking at the current constitution in the UK, the doctrine of the rule of law and the relevance of the doctrine in the operation of state power. The UK is said to have an "unwritten constitution", because it has no single codified documentary constitution. However most of the constitution does exist in the written form of treaties, statutes and court judgements. Due to the absence of a formal written constitution in the UK, there is no positive statement of the basic principles governing state actions and no guidelines that could be used to assess the legitimacy of government action. Lawyers and politicians have used the concept of the rule of law in order to provide such a measure.1 The rule of law is capable of being interpreted differently by different people. It is a recognised principle of the English constitution, which is frequently used to signify a notion of "law and order". At it's broadest it is a framework that constrains arbitrary use of power. The concept of the rule of law dates
Hitler - Jews
How did Hitler's policy affect the lives of the Jews? Hitler possessed strong anti-Semitic views for many reasons. He and fellow Nazis were strong believers in Social Darwinism, which was survival of the fittest; Hitler called the superior race in his opinion, the "Aryans". He therefore believed that the Jews should be eliminated. Also, anti-Semitism had a long history, so the Jews were an easy scapegoat for Germany's problems that Hitler could use. In addition to that, the Jewish people were often very successful and wealthy, so Germans thought that they were stealing money from them, and in many instances were jealous of them. So, Hitler adopted strong anti-Semitic policies; they were not the most popular of his decisions, but they were carried out with great strength. There were 5 main stages to the persecution of the Jews: * Livelihoods were attacked, * They were singled out, * Nuremburg Laws, * Violence, * Final Solution. At first, the Jews' livelihoods were attacked. Many of them were sacked from their jobs, such as those who were teachers and doctors. They weren't allowed to serve on a jury or work with Aryans. The next stage was more serious, which was when the Jews were singled out. Their passports were stamped with a "J", and in public they were forced to sit on separate yellow benches. Furthermore, their shops had a Star of David painted on them, and Jews
Ma Vacance (My Holiday)
<<School_Name>> Le collège qui s'appelle <<School_Name>> était construit en 1942. Au début, il y avait 100 élèves et cinq professeurs. Pourtant, maintenant il y a neuf cent élèves, cinquante professeurs et quarante-huit classes environ. Le collège fait 200 mètres sur 300. On y peut trouver beaucoup de plants et d'animaux exceptionnels dans leur réserve de faune. Les élèves de <<School_Name>> ont cinq leçons par jour. D'habitude un élève a trois cours le matin et deux cours l'après-midi; généralement, un cours dure une heure mais rarement, s'il y a une interruption (comme un exercice d'incendie), il dure plus petit que habituel. Au collège, un journée typique est: COURS 1 9h10 - 10h10 COURS 2 0h15 - 11h10 COURS 3 1h30 - 12h30 COURS 4 2h35 - 13h30 COURS 5 4h15 - 15h15 Lundi ----------> L' ANGLAIS L'EMT ----------> LA GÉO LE FRANÇAIS ----------> ----------> LES MATHS Mardi ----------- L' ANGLAIS LES TEXTILES TION - LES MATHS LA CITOYEN-NETÉ ER----- ----------- LE SPORT Mercredi L'APPEL LA PHYSIQUE LA DESSIN RÉCRÉA LES TEXTILES LE FRANÇAIS DEJEUN L'APPEL L'HISTORIE - GÉO Jeudi ------- L' HISTOIRE LES MATHS --LA LA RELIGION LA BIOLOGIE ---LE ------ L' ANGLAIS Vendredi <---------- LA MUSIQUE L'ART DRAMA-TIQUE <--------- LA CHIMIE L' HISTORIE <----------
A comparison between light microscopes with electron microscopes
A comparison between light microscopes with electron microscopes The word microscope comes from the Greek words micron, meaning small, and scopos, meaning aim. To date, it is still unclear as to who actually invented the light microscope. It has often been said that Hans Janssen and his son Zacharias Janssen were the ones to have invented the light microscope in 1590, but this date is very unlikely considering Zacharias was born in 1590. It has also been said that Galileo Galilei was the inventor as he developed a light microscope with a convex and a concave lens in 1609. His microscope was celebrated in the 'Lynx Academy'. In the late 1600s, Christiaan Huygens developped a simple 2 lens ocular system which was corrected and therefore a step forward in the microscopic development. One man, however, is generally credited with bringing the microscope to the attention of biologists. Anton van Leeuwenhoek. His home made microscopes were very small simple instruments with a single very strong lens. Though awkward to use, they enabled seeing highly detailed images. Due to the limitations of light microscopes, electron microscopes were developed. In the 1930s, biologists found that light microscopes had theoretical limits, and the scientific desires to see fine details of the interior structures of organic cells were increasing. The first type of electron microscope to be
A biography of Stephen Hawking.
Stephen Hawking Stephen Hawking Brief Timeline 942 Stephen Hawking was born on January 8th in Oxford, England. 956 Stephen decides to become a physicist. 962 - Stephen graduated from Oxford University -He begins studies at Cambridge University -Stephen develops a disease 965 - Stephen becomes a research fellow at Gonville and Caius College. - He marries Jane Wilde. 966 Stephen receives his Ph.D. from Cambridge University. 967 Stephen's son Robert is born. 970 Stephen's daughter Lucy is born. 979 - Stephen becomes a Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge - His son Timothy is born. 985 Stephen gets pneumonia and loses his ability to speak forever. 988 A Brief History of Time is published. 990 Stephen and his wife Jane divorce. 992 A Brief History of Time is made into a movie. 995 Stephen marries his nurse, Elaine Mason. 2008 Stephen Hawking is still alive today. Stephen Hawking Biography Stephen Hawking was born on 1942 January 8th in Oxford, England. He was the oldest of 4 children in his family. His family lived in London in the 1950s When Stephen was only a little boy he loved things with moving parts and he loved to take things apart and see how they worked. When Stephen was just a kid he liked to build robot controlled boats and airplanes. Stephen was a very bright child, but he did not do very well in school. He didn't learn to read
The Principles and Limitations of Electron Microscopy.
The Principles and Limitations of Electron Microscopy. An Electron Microscope is a type of microscope that makes use of a beam of electrons rather than visible light. Which is due to the fact that the wavelength of electrons is much smaller than the wavelength of visible light, an Electron Microscope not only gives a high magnification but it also has high resolution. This means that details can be seen clearly. An Electron Microscope is very similar to a Light Microscope in the ways in which it works but, instead of using glass lenses to focus a beam of light, it uses magnets to focus a beam of electrons. Electrons are very small, so they are scattered if they hit molecules in the air due to this they must travel through a vacuum. Specimens that are to be examined must be cut into very thin sections, and these must be treated so that they can be examined in these conditions. The variety of chemical processes that are carried out in this preparation may change the appearance considerably. Features which have been introduced in this way are known as artefacts and care needs to be taken in interpreting electron micrographs because of the possible presence of artefacts. An examination of a specimen using an Electron Microscope can yield the following information: Topography: The surface features of an object or "how it looks", it's texture; direct relation between these
A critical appreciation of 'to my mother' by George Baker.
Sonnet To My Mother Most near, most dear, most loved, and most far, Under the huge window where I often found her Sitting as huge as Asia, seismic with laughter, Gin and chicken helpless in her Irish hand, Irresistible as Rabelais but most tender for The lame dogs and hurt birds that surround her,- She is a procession no one can follow after But be like a little dog following a brass band. She will not glance up at the bomber or condescend To drop her gin and scuttle to a cellar, But lean on the mahogany table like a mountain Whom only faith can move, and so I send O all her faith and all my love to tell her That she will move from mourning into morning. George Barker A critical appreciation of 'to my mother' by George Baker This sonnet by George Baker is, as the title suggests, a tribute to his mother, evidently, at the time of the aerial bombardment of Britain by the Luftwaffe in the Blitz during the Second World War. The poet was then, apparently, living in a far distant part of the world, as he refers to his mother being 'most far'. This was probably some time between 1942 and 1943 when Baker was living in the U.S.A and Canada. The poet's intension is not only to pay tribute to his mother but, more specifically, as the poem is addressed 'to' her, to send her his love and expression of his firm belief that she will 'move' from 'mourning to morning', in
Achievements of the Attlee government and the birth of the welfare state
Discuss the achievements of the Attlee government and the birth of the welfare state Attlee's Labour government is sometimes described as one of the great reforming governments of 20th-centry Britain, pushing through even more sweeping reforms than those of the Liberal government before 1914. The record of the post-war Labour governments is dominated above all by one issue - the introduction of the so-called 'welfare-state' and the setting up of the National Health Service (NHS). Labour idealists in 1945 believed they were going to 'build a new Jerusalem' in Britain, overcoming class divisions and ensuring fairness for all in a progressive modern society. These idealistic objectives could only be achieved by practical politics. To be able to fulfil its social aims, Attlee's government had to prove that Labour could handle political power, deal with economic problems and cope with the burdens of imperial and foreign affairs. By 1951, Labour had gone a long way towards achieving its goals. Attlee himself is now widely regarded by some historians such as Peter Hennessy as having been one of Britain's best PMs, which is remarkable in itself in view of the dismissive way many people (inc. Churchill and some Labour politicians) regarded Attlee in 1945. But the post-war Labour government did not enjoy complete success and the Attlee legacy is still disputed. For many on the right,
What is a species?
What is a species? "Species is a Latin word meaning 'kind' or 'appearance.'" (Campbell and Reece, 2005, p.473). However, clarifying what actually constitutes a species is controversial, as Biologists cannot agree on a specific definition of the word. Species is a term used by humans in attempt to place different 'kinds' of organisms into distinct groups using taxonomy - biological classification. A scientific name in the form of a binomial nomenclature is used to describe these groups. It is always written in italics with the capitalised Latin genus name followed by the species name. Species, therefore, is a fundamental category in taxonomy and important in the scientific naming of organisms. It is therefore essential for us to have a proper understanding of species. However, as a consequence of Biologists being divided in opinion on the nature of species, several concepts have been proposed to define the term. Therefore the answer to the question 'what is a species?' differs depending on which species concept is applied. The biological species concept (BSC) is the most frequently used and widely accepted definition of species. This concept was originally proposed in 1942 by biologist Ernst Mayr. Ernst Mayr stated that "species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups." (Ernst, 1963 cited in Ridley,
Preventing and Reducing Crime
Access to Nursing and Healthcare Professions 2007 Crime Psychology (Assignment 1 of 3) For: Richard By: Stephen Davies "Discuss explanations of criminal behaviour focussing consideration on their usefulness in the prevention and reduction of criminal behaviour". Contents Access to Nursing and Healthcare Professions 2007 1 Contents 2 Introduction 3 Preventing and Reducing Crime - Insights and Theories 4 Social Psychology Theories Of Crime 4 Differential Association 5 Social Theories at a Glance 7 Social Factors- Family 7 School and Peers 8 Economic Factors 9 Anti-social Personality Disorder 10 Biological Theory of Criminality 11 Biology of Crime, Generalised 14 Sheldon (1942)- Body Types 15 Sheldon's Somatotype 15 Character 15 Shape 15 Picture 15 Conclusion 16 References 18 Introduction Psychology is relatively new compared to other majors such as Law, Politics and Science. However, since psychology has been studied at a recognised level, many people have learned many a things about human behaviour. Psychology is a far field that overlooks all aspects of human behaviour, such as social influences, stress, pain and crime. For this essay, the question asked was "discuss explanations of criminal behaviour focussing consideration on their usefulness in the prevention and reduction of criminal behaviour". The following information looks at the
