Significant Event In Russia
Significant Events Trans-Siberian Railway (Built between 1891-1916) * Is a network of railways connecting Moscow and European Russia with the Russian Far East provinces, Mongolia, China and the Sea of Japan. * Longest single rail system in Russia and the world * Main route runs from Moscow to Vladivostok via southern Siberia * Was built between 1891 and 1916 * Trans Siberian Railroad was an opportunity for people to get jobs during the olden days and Czar Alexander II funded for construction of the Trans Siberian Railway Space Age (1957-1986) * Contemporary period encompassing the activities related to space and the cultural developments influenced by these events * Space Age began with the launch of Sputnik by the Soviet Union * Since the 1990s, this period has been referred to as the information period * The launch of Sputnik ushered a new era of political, scientific and technological achievements that became known as the Space Age * Reached its peak with the Apollo program Great Purge (1937-1938) * Was a series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union * Stalin carried out a purge of the Red Army as well as a purge of the communist party in the 1930's to eliminate all competition * Refers to collectively related campaigns of political repressions and persecution in the soviet union orchestered by Joseph Stalin during
Why did Leon Trotsky lose the 'Power Struggle' to Joseph Stalin in 1924?
2-April-2003 History Assignment Roham Gharegozlou, 1oIB History Assignment Why did Leon Trotsky lose the 'Power Struggle' to Joseph Stalin in 1924? Language: English Subject: History Teacher: Mme Therrode Institution: EABJM One of the most controversial and notable politicians of his time, Trotsky was at one point the 'second in command' in Bolshevik Russia, right after Lenin. Respected and supported by the latter, who himself was regarded as the unquestioned Bolshevik leader, Trotsky enjoyed a very large influence within the Communist Party of the time, both due to his ties with Lenin and his great contribution to the October revolution in Russia. Thus it was that in 1924, after Lenin's death, Trotsky seemed to most, and to himself certainly, to be the logical successor. Why is it then that Stalin, someone whom Trotsky did not even think of as competition, completely decimated Trotsky politically and caused his complete downfall in communist ranks? The first reason would be Trotsky's over-confidence: even Lenin, in his Testament, reproached Trotsky for this flaw of his, saying that he is 'distinguished...by his too far-reaching self-confidence'. In this way Trotsky severely underestimated Stalin, and this led to his downfall: in Source F, it is stated that if Trotsky had spoken up when Lenin was actually there (as it is certain Lenin would have supported
The great Patriotic war - From incompetence to victory.
THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR: FROM INCOMPETENCE TO VICTORY From the "surprise" attack of June 22, 1941 and through the months that followed, the German Wehrmacht and Luftwaffe decimated the Russian forces defending the Soviet Union. 500,000 Russian soldiers were killed within the first two weeks. Of the 170 Red Army divisions stationed near the Western front, 20% ceased to exist, and 40% lost half their soldiers and equipment. In only three months the German army had captured Lithuania, Estonia, Belorussia, Moldavia, part of Greater Russia and the Ukraine. By December 1941 the Wehrmacht had driven an incredible 600 miles into the Soviet Union along an 800-mile front and were within 20 miles of Moscow.i The main reason for the impressive German accomplishments was the almost total incompetence on the part of the Soviet Union. Specifically, the leadership that allowed a "surprise" attack they knew was coming, allowed their military hardware to decay, and destroyed the best leaders within the military. The incompetence was so pervasive and the German military so adept at making gains against the Red Army that there was no reason for Hitler, the German military, and much of the world to think that the total defeat of the Soviet Union was only weeks away. But, by January of 1943 the war started to turn in favor of the Red Army and in less than four years, the Russians were
Rise of Stlainism
Essay Question: To what extent was the rise of Stalinism due to his opportunism? In 1922, Lenin was incapacitated by a stroke, and everyone thought his likely successor to be Leon Trotsky. Yet, within 5 years, Trotsky had been expelled from the Communist party and it was evident that Stalin had taken power. Indeed, the reason for the rise of Stalin to a position of total and supreme power is a hugely controversial subject that has been hotly debated by historians. However, I agree with the statement that "the rise of Stalinism due to his opportunism" to a large extent. First and foremost, Stalin's opportunism - his tendency to advance in situations where he thought he could do so without provoking too strong a response - is pivotal in explaining his rise. As late as 1924, many Communist party members still saw Stalin as "Comrade Card-Index" - a lowly administrator with a dull personality. Yet, as Steve Philips writes, "Stalin was skilful in using the circumstances that presented themselves... and the opportunities that arose to overcome his opponents within the party." An excellent example would be that of Lenin's funeral. At this funeral, Stalin made use of the fact that he was to deliver an oration to present himself as the chief mourner, emphasis the need to apply the ideas of Lenin and highlight his intention of continuing the works of Lenin. In other words, Stalin
Stalin's rise to power
Following the death of Lenin, there was a sense of confusion as to who would lead Russia. The idea was Russia would be led by a 'Collective Leadership', consisting of Kamenev, Stalin, Trotsky and Zinoviev, as there was no layout for the election of a new leader. Stalin used this idea as a base to gain power within the Communist Party and the government. At the time, Russia was governed through the politburo. The politburo was a small assembly of key party officials that ran the Communist Party. The death of Lenin ignited a leadership contest especially between Stalin and Trotsky. The personalities of both men were crucial to the leadership contest. Stalin was more central to the Communist party whereas Trotsky represented the Left Wing of the party. Trotsky was an easy target for his rivals as he was a former Menshevik and was brought up in a Jewish family. Whereas Stalin was less known and stayed away from awkward debates. Stalin was considered by many as a 'grey blur'1 as he was someone who was a good administrator but lacked personality. As there was no leader of the Communist Party, and as Lenin was renowned as a main figure of the party. Stalin decided to use Lenin as way of getting the Russian people on his side. Stalin, did many things to associate himself with Lenin such as embalm Lenin's body so people could worship him but this did not go down to well with
How far do you agree that a study of Russian government in the period 1855 to 1956 suggests that Russia did little more than exchange Romanov Tsars for Red Tsars(TM) from 1917?
How far do you agree that a study of Russian government in the period 1855 to 1956 suggests that Russia did little more than exchange Romanov Tsars for 'Red Tsars' from 1917? This is a debate that many historians participate in on Russia's government. There are two sides to the argument either that Lenin and Stalin had in fact created a new, radical communist party or whether they had both just continued the previous Romanov Tsars' ideologies. One of the major differences between both Lenin and his predecessor Stalin, and the Romanov Tsars is that the first had to 'take' power. The Tsars claimed that they had been chosen by God to rule Russia so they, in effect, inherited there power. It was much harder for Lenin as he had to lead several uprisings such as the November Massacre. It was not until 25th October that Lenin and the Bolsheviks seized Petrograd and in turn took power for themselves. This is a key difference between the two powers as it shows how much Lenin was willing to go through in order to gain control. It also shows that if Lenin was comfortable to go to such an extent to gain power he must have believed his ideologies were radically different to the Tsar's. However, once in power, Lenin and then later Stalin, had created there own hierarchy in society, even though this was totally against the original Marxist theories. All the Bolshevik government officials
To what extent was the Great Terror Stalins main form of social control during the 1930s?
Transfer-Encoding: chunked To what extent was the Great Terror Stalin’s main form of social control during the 1930s? The 1930s was a period which saw the extension of a totalitarian regime within Russia. The Great Terror, the Cult of Personality and social policy were all forms of social control in the 1930s, influencing the behaviour and attitudes of the Russian people. While the Great Terror eliminated served as propaganda for Stalin’s reliability and spurred similar behaviour, it was not the main form of social control during the 1930s. The Great Terror was undoubtedly an important form of social control, serving as a tool of propaganda, while inspiring the loyalty of Russian’s from below. The Trials of the Sixteen, Seventeen and Twenty-One (1936, 1937 and 1938) publicly denounced Stalin’s rivals, accusing them of plotting against Stalin and the Party. In this sense, they proved to the Russian people that he alone could be trusted with the future of Russia. Said trust was an important form of social control as it inspired the loyalty of ordinary Russians. This loyalty was manifested in the wider Terror from Below, as people at a local level followed Stalin’s example by rising up against their bosses. For example, in Yaroslavl, the managers of a rubber factory were put on trial by their workers and turned over to the NKVD after being found guilty. Overall,
Was the October revolution a popular uprising or a coup d(TM)tat?
Was the October revolution a popular uprising or a coup d'état? There is one debate between historians about the October revolution in Russia in 1917, and this is whether it was a popular uprising or a coup d'état. A popular revolution is one that is supported, and sometimes led by the majority of the population of that country. A coup d'état is a quick seizure of government by a small group of people, often by using violence. It is not supported by the majority of the population, and force is used. One view of the October revolution is the Revisionist view. They 'wrote in the 1970's and were nicknamed the cold warriors'. This was because they thought that the hostile accounts of the October revolution were part of cold war tactics and that they may be biased, as they were influenced by the Vietnam War and were critical of American policies and ideas. Their views focus mainly on the role that Lenin played in the October revolution, and some historians with a revisionist view thought that the lower ranks of the Bolshevik party played a large part in pushing the revolution forward. They have suggested that Lenin did not hold as much power over the Bolshevik party as many believe he did. Sheila Patrick said that it was the soldiers, workers and peasants that created the conditions in which the Bolshevik revolt could operate. This suggests that the Revisionists
Assessment on whether Stalin was a necessary evil.
Assessment on whether Stalin was a necessary evil Marxism was a doctrine formulated by Karl Marx about the elimination of economic inequality and class conflicts. According to Marxism social and political relationships depend on economic factors because whichever group in society controls the "means of production" also has political control. Marx believed that historical change was a series of stages that were influenced by economic forces and that each stage had to be completed before the next could begin. In a classes and stateless society, co-operation will replace competition and this final and perfect stage of human history would be communism. In Russia the government was essentially feudal, the majority of the population were peasants, and capitalism was in its infancy. Lenin realised that in order to bring about revolution Marxism would have to be adopted to suit these conditions. Lenin developed the argument that the economic resources that imperialism provided were used to "buy off" workers in capitalist countries by improving working and living conditions. This made workers less revolutionary, as the system did not appear to be treating them badly. His view of the dictatorship of the Proletariat was that the Party would form a dictatorship to fight counter-revolutionary attempts, take away private property and end free enterprise to build a secure socialist state.
![How did Stalin, who was illustrated by Leon Trotsky himself as 'the most eminent mediocrity' [1] rise to develop into the epithet, 'the Red Tsar of all Russia?'](https://mbt-essays-prod-public.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/69343/listing/69343_1.jpg)
How did Stalin, who was illustrated by Leon Trotsky himself as 'the most eminent mediocrity' [1] rise to develop into the epithet, 'the Red Tsar of all Russia?'
I. Table of Contents Section (I-VII) Page Number * I. Table of Contents.......................................................................................1 * II. Introduction.............................................................................................2 * III. Background information..............................................................................2 * IV. Luck * A. Nature of the infant Bolshevik state...................................................................4 * B. The Nature of Stalin........................................................................................4 * C. The Death of Yakov Sverdlov.........................................................................4 * D. 'Ban upon factionalism' policy...................................................................... 5 * E. The 'Lenin Enrolment'.................................................................................5 * F. Stalin versus Lenin, Lenin's Death (1924) & the failure of demoting Stalin ...................6 * G. The attitude towards Trotsky and his errors.........................................................8 * V. Skill * A. Introduction to Stalin's Skills........................................................................8 * B. Stalin as General Secretary of the Bolshevik
