Stratagies for Tacling Offending Behaviour.
'Cognitive Behavioural programmes would be most effective if delivered alongside partnerships focused on practical ways of tackling the multiple day to day problems from which a high proportion of offenders suffer'. Critically evaluate this statement drawing upon the academic literature, including theory, and your own practice experience. This essay aims to critically evaluate the use of Cognitive Behavioural Programmes (CBT) within probation practice and assess whether such programmes are more or less successful if run alongside partnership work to tackle an offenders criminogenic needs. The essay will begin by looking at the introduction of CBT programmes in relation to the 'Effective Practice' principles. The essay will go on to look at what difficulties may arise in partnership work with group certain categories of offender; in particular issues surrounding mentally disordered offenders and female offenders. Throughout the essay I will be referring to case examples drawn from my own experience in working with CBT programmes and in multiagency working. In 1995 a Probation Circular (77/1995) required the Probation service to review their current and planned programmes against the 'What Works' initiative and effective practice principles. There was a push for results-led practice in community interventions that could stand the test of accountability (Chui, 2003, p59).
With reference to One Psychology Theory, Discuss How it has Influenced Clinical Practice with Either Children or Adults.
With reference to One Psychology Theory, Discuss How it has Influenced Clinical Practice with Either Children or Adults This piece will attempt to analyse how the use of Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy has been applied to the treatment of Bipolar Disorder, which is otherwise known as Manic Depression. Major Depressive Disorder, also known as unipolar depression, is classified in DSM-IV in terms of a list of symptoms of which sufferers must experience at least five for a period of two weeks to be classified as having a major depressive episode. The key symptoms are feeling a depressed mood most of the day, virtually every day, as indicated by self report or observations by others, markedly diminished interest or pleasure in a lot of activities, significant weight loss when not dieting, or weight gain. Other symptoms include decreased or increased appetite nearly every day, insomnia, in other words, the inability to fall asleep, or inability to fall back to sleep after waking in the middle of the night, waking early, or hypersomnia, a desire to stay in bed or large portions of the day, lethargy, fatigue or loss of energy. Feelings of worthlessness are a primary symptom of depression along with excessive or inappropriate guilt, diminished ability to think or concentrate, indecisiveness, and in significant cases, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. There are also further
Social Anxiety.
SOCIAL ANXIETY Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia) is the third largest mental health care problem in the world. Latest government epidemiological data show social phobia affects over 7% of the population at any given time. The lifetime prevalence rate (i.e., the chances of developing social anxiety disorder at any time during the lifespan) stands at above 13%. Definition: Social anxiety is the fear of social situations that involve interaction with other people. Put another way, social anxiety is the fear and anxiety of being judged and evaluated by other people. If a person usually becomes anxious in social situations, but seems fine when they are alone, then "social anxiety" may be the problem. Perceptions: People with social anxiety are many times seen by others as being shy, quiet, backward, withdrawn, inhibited, unfriendly, nervous, aloof, and disinterested. People with social anxiety want to be "normal" socially, they want to make friends and they want to be involved and engaged in social interactions. Having social anxiety prevents people from being able to do the things they want, however. Triggering Symptoms: People with social anxiety usually experience significant distress in the following situations: Being introduced to other people Being teased or criticized Being the center of attention Social situations where the person exhibits excessive
Psychology- Internal Assessment
Internal assessment Experiment 1- the empathy-altruism model, in Boston et al (1981) the aim of this experiment was to prove two types of emotions that affect someone when seeing an other person suffering. Procedure: In Batson's classic experiment, students where asked to listen to tapes of an interview with a student named Carol. She talked about her struggles, and how far she was falling behind at school. Students were each given a letter, asking them to meet with Carol and share lecture notes with her. The experimenter varied the level of empathy, telling one group to try to focus on how Carol was feeling (high empathy level), while members of the group were told they did not need to concerned with her feeling (low empathy level). The experimenters also varied the cost of not helping. The high-cost group was told that Carol would be in their psychology class when she returned to school. The low-cost group believed Carol would finish the class at home. The two emotions previously mentioned were personal distress (like anxiety and fear) and empathetic concern (sympathy, compassion, tenderness). Findings: The result confirmed the empathy-altruism hypothesis. Those in the high-empathy group0 were almost equally likely to help Carol in either set of circumstances, while the low-empathy group helped out of self-interest. Thinking about seeing her in class every day
Unit 29-Applied Psychological Perspectives in Health and Social Care - P2, P3, P4 and M2
Unit 29: Assignment 2 P2 – Explain the contribution of complementary psychological theories to the understanding of two specific behaviours Case study – Addiction Ben is a 22 year old and works as a photographer. He drinks a lot and goes to parties every single weekend with his friends. Ben has also started using heroin and became addicted to it while trying it out because of his friends. He grew up with his mum and had tough childhood as his mum is a single mum and also was addicted to alcohol. He grew up being exposed to alcohol ever since he was a child and he thinks that drinking alcohol excessively is normal. However, Ben got to the point that he no longer can live without alcohol and heroin and it started to affect his job and his daily life. Case study – Depression Hannah is a 16 years old girl and she has just managed to finish her high school and is hoping to get into college. She has been experiencing symptoms of depression ever since the age of 13. It has affected her daily life and it had interfered with her studies as she found it hard to go to school and she isolated herself a lot. Hannah didn’t like herself and she constantly worried about her future and the world. She had low self-esteem and felt that she was worthless all the time and that feeling did not go away for months. Her family didn’t know that it was depression until she was
Unit 8: Psychological Perspectives for Health and Social Care - P2, P3, M2 and D1
Unit 8: Assignment 2 P2 and P3 . Behaviourist approach The behaviourist approach can be very useful in health and social care, as this approach explains clearly about learned behaviours. Through this approach health professionals could look at and identify particular behaviour using the concept of associating (classical conditioning) or reinforcement or punishment (operant conditioning). In health and social care, systematic desensitization is used as a health aversion therapy for service users who are finding everyday aspect of their life impossible to cope with. For example a service user who has a phobia of going out may isolate and feel depressed and may not leave their house at all. In this case, health professionals could apply principles of classical conditioning in everyday life in a practical way. The most common method to change behaviour of phobia is by using the systematic desensitization. This method first involves creating a ‘hierarchy of fear’, a health professional may come up with list of aspects that is associated with fear the service user has. This classical conditioning procedure is there to help to achieve a state of relaxation for the service user. This is to help to replace the fear and anxiety of state to calm and relaxation. They could do this by showing least feared situation or object to the service user and they are encouraged to
Unmasking Anxiety with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
Unmasking Anxiety with Cognitive Behavioral Therapy It is not that uncommon that an individual may be late for work. They might begin to rush, and perhaps forget something at home that they needed. They may beat themselves up all day for having put themselves in that position. This scenario reflects typical anxiety. It is a normal reaction to stress by the body, but for some, it can become a chronic disorder. There are many treatments for this disorder, including prescriptions drugs, behavioral therapy, and even homeopathic remedies. Compared to these alternatives, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is the most effective long-term treatment for anxiety. There is a line between experiencing stress due to a difficult situation, and having a crippling disorder. Individuals with anxiety who wish to be treated must seek psychiatric assistance through self-help programs or doctors. Anxiety is a disorder that is often found hand in hand with depression, both of which can improve with treatment. Often times, many people do not recognize that there are different classes of anxiety disorders. Five major types of anxiety disorders include Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD), Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Panic Disorder, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PSTD), and Social Phobia (SAD), which is also known as Social Anxiety Disorder (NIMH). These types of anxiety range from the
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis.
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Family Interventions for Psychosis Helen Healy, David Reader and Kenny Midence INTRODUCTION Psychosocial treatments for schizophrenia are not new in the research literature. Psychological treatments have been previously used in the treatment of schizophrenia. For example in terms of behaviour therapy, operant approaches such as token economy programmes were used in the 1960s and 1970s to improve the behaviour of patients in long stay hospitals. However, the evidence suggests that the clinical gains were limited and did not generalise beyond the therapeutic setting and also did not address delusional convictions (Alford 1986; Himadi et al 1991). Other psychological treatments for schizophrenia can be traced to early work devoted to studying the impact of the social environment on mental illness. A plethora of early studies focused on the role of the family environment in the maintenance of schizophrenia which in turn led to the concept of expressed emotion (Brown et al 1972; Brown & Rutter 1996). Family interventions were first developed as a method for reducing levels of expressed emotion among relatives and are now recognised as a significant aspect in the treatment of schizophrenia. This approach marked a paradigmatic shift in the way family members were viewed by clinicians and has led to efforts to improve communication between
Obsessive compulsive disorder
Rosemary Marzouk Prof. Haghighi Psychology 101 December 24, 2006 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) means that the person has illogical and irresistible thoughts or impulses (Obsessions) that they consider absurd and that they attempt to resist. They are acted out physically as a way to reduce the anxiety associated with the obsessions (compulsions). There is usually a feeling that something bad will happen if they do not act upon the obsessions (catch a disease, therefore they wash their hands very frequently and ritualistically). The essential feature of obsessive-compulsive disorder is obsessional thoughts or compulsive acts that are recurrent. Obsessional thoughts are ideas, images or impulses that enter the individual's mind again and again. They are regularly distressing (because they are violent or obscene, or because they are perceived as senseless) and the sufferer often tries, unsuccessfully, to resist them. They are, however, recognized as the individual's own thoughts, even though they are involuntary and often disgusting. Compulsive acts or rituals are behaviors that are repeated again and again. They are not enjoyable, nor do they result in the completion of any useful tasks. The individual often views them as preventing some unlikely event, often involving harm to himself or herself. Usually, this behavior is recognized by
Outline and Evaluate one biological therapy and one psychological therapy for schizophrenia
Outline and evaluate one biological therapy for schizophrenia and one psychological therapy for schizophrenia. (8 marks + 16 marks) A01 The main type of drug therapy for schizophrenia are antipsychotic drugs.They are considered the most effective because they allow the patient to function in society to a reasonable extent and feel like they have abit more control.Antipsychotic drugs can come in many forms , one being typical drugs like Chloropiazine where it is believed that schizophrenia is caused by the neurotransmitter dopamine so the drugs attach to the dopamine receptors so they isnt as much dopamine in the syynapse which reduces the positive symptoms like delusions and hallunications.There are also atypical drugs like clorapine which avoid some of the side effects as the old drugs by controlling serotonin levels aswell. There is supporting evidence for this e.g Julien which found that neuroleoptics are effective in relieving positive symptoms and allow patients to be able to live outside insitutional care.This suggests that antipsychotic are effective to an certain extent in allowing schizophrenia sufferers to be able to try and live a normal life. But antipsyhotics arent effective treatment for schizophrenia because it doesnt relieve negative symptoms of schizophrenia which are the symptoms that would prevent from socializing effectively in first place. A limitation
