To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory?
Memory: To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory? Memory could be explained in terms of three distinct stores, according to Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) . The three distinct stores were the sensory memory, which holds information for a very brief segment, short-term memory (STM) characterised by limited capacity and reasonably short duration, and a long term memory (LTM). which had potentially unlimited capacity and duration. If a person's awareness is focused on material in the sensory memory then this would be transferred to STM. Atkinson and Shiffrin claimed that information was transferred from STM to LTM through the process of rehearsal in STM and the strength of long-term memory- the more the information is rehearsed, the better it is remembered. Research studies have tended to support the distinction proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin regarding differences between the stores with respect to capacity, encoding and duration. The existence of separate stores in memory is also supported by the use of modern brain-scanning techniques (such as MRI and PET). These have shown, for example, that the prefrontal cortex is active when individuals are working on a task in immediate(i.e. short-term) memory, whereas the hippocampus is active when LTM is engaged. The notion of a different physiological basis for short and long term memory
To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory?
To what extent does the multi-store model offer a reasonable account of human memory? The multi model store was created by Atkinsom and Shiffrin in 1968. The model shows three parts of memory, which are; Sensory Model, Short Term Memory and Long Term Memory. Sensory memory is the shortest term of memory. The memory receives from the five senses; sight, hearing, smell, taste and touch. However the information is only stored for a short time. Moreover the short term memory can only store information for a few seconds, the information can be stored longer if it is rehearsed, when information is repeated of the Long Term Memory into the Short term Memory, this shows that we are able to recall information from long time ago , this is called retrieval. Glazner and Cuniz in 1966, the study was to prove that short-term and long term memory could be separated in two different memories. They had two groups of participants, each of them were giving the same lists of words. As group A was tested on immediate recall and group B recalled after 30 seconds in which they have to complete the task the teams. Participants that were presented with words at a 3 second rate were more likely to remember the first words of the list than participants presented with the words at a 2 second rate. This is because they were able to remember the first words more. The sample had lack of
BRIEFLY EXPLAIN ONE ALTERNATIVE TO THE MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY AND CONSIDER THE STRENGTHS AND/OR LIMITATIONS OF THIS MODEL.
BRIEFLY EXPLAIN ONE ALTERNATIVE TO THE MULTI-STORE MODEL OF MEMORY AND CONSIDER THE STRENGTHS AND/OR LIMITATIONS OF THIS MODEL. Other than the multi-store model there are other models of memory, the one that we will look at is the levels of processing model. This model is more detailed than the multi-store model. Craik and Lockhart explained that long-term memories are formed through processing rather than rehearsal and the deeper the experience is processed the more memorable it would be. In this model there are two ways that information can be formed which are; deep encoding processes and long-term memories are formed or rehearsal and lower level processing which forms primary memory which is like short-term memory. Craik and Lockhart call it primary memory as it is a flexible processing rather than a limited store as shown in the multi-store model. There are five types of processing, these are; depth, organisation, distinctiveness, elaboration and effort. A limitation of this model is that research done by Morris et al. who did a similar experiment to Craik and Tulving showed that there are more possible explanations to memory. Craik and Tulving gave their participants a list of common nouns and they were then asked to answer three types of questions about these words such as (taken from book); analysis of the physical structure (shallow processing): a participant might
Multi-store Memory - Atkinson & Shiffrin (1974)
Memory Model Advantages Disadvantages Multi-store Memory - Atkinson & Shiffrin (1974) * Provided the basic framework for other models. * Many Psychologists find this model useful. * Good explanation on serial position effect. * Useful research on brain damage. * Theory suggests that memory is passive. * Too simple - both STM and LTM is widely thought to be subdivided into several stores. * Describes rehearsal as the main component used in memory. Working Memory - Baddeley & Hitch (1967) * Suggests that storage and processing of information are both within the same theoretical framework. * Describes rehearsal as one of several components used in memory. * Explanation of different memory stores. * Explains multi-tasking in more depth. * Explanation of central executive is vague. * No explanation into the possible change in the operation of the central executive when tasks are practised or rehearsed. Levels of Processing - Craik & Lockhart (1972) * Recognises variation in ability to recall information due to infinite diversities in complex of factors involved in recall. * Strong theory on processes which take place at time of learning. * Explains anterograde amnesia - processing is too shall to enable retrieval. * Definition of depth is qualitative; unable to measure how deeply something is processed other than how memorable it is. * Semantic processing
Multi-Store Model of Memory. In this essay we will be looking at what research and evidence there is to support the model
Unit Title: Psychology Kayleigh Giles-Johnson Multi-Store Model of Memory Atkinson and Shiffrin’s (1968, 1971) Multi-Store Model (MSM) is an early but influential model of memory which explains how information moves from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM). In this essay we will be looking at what research and evidence there is to support the model, before comparing it with other memory models and looking at how these may offer alternative explanations to how memory works. The MSM explains that memory works by retrieving information from environmental input and storing it in the sensory memory, where if attended to, it will pass into the STM before passing through to the LTM only through the repeated rehearsal of the information. If information is not repeated, it will be forgotten through displacement (McLeod, simplypsychology.org). A strength of the MSM, as well as being the most influential model and the grounds for a lot of new memory research, is that there is a lot of evidence to support the idea, most notably that of the serial position effect. Murdock (1962) presented patients with a list of words, which they then had to recall. Experiments show that when participants are presented with the list, they tend to remember the first few (primacy effect) and last few
The multi-store model can be explained in terms of 3 stores, sensory, short term and long term stores
Faddy Oraha – Miss. Foy 04/10/2012 Outline and Evaluate The Multistore Model (12) The multi-store model can be explained in terms of 3 stores, sensory short term and long term stores and 2 process, attention and rehearsal. Information first enters the sensory store directly from the senses. It remains in the sensory store for a maximum duration of around 2 seconds before it decays and is replaced with new information. If information in the sensory store is attended to then it can be passed to the short term store. In the short term store only 7 plus or minus 2 chunks of information can be stored in the short term store. It is encoded phonetically by its sound and remains there for about 18 seconds without being rehearsed. For information to be transferred form the short term store to the long term store the information needs to be learnt , this is done semantically by have a deeper meaning about the information that has been learnt. However, when new information enters the short term store is displaces any information that is already there, meaning that information that isn’t rehearsed and passed to the long term store is forgotten. When information enters the long term store it remains there for a life time, as the capacity and duration of the store is unlimited. There is evidence to support the Multistore model that there are separate short term and long
This essay will describe two models of memory in the cognitive approach. The first, the multi-store model, also known as the modal model or stage theory
Memory This essay will describe two models of memory in the cognitive approach. The first, the multi-store model, also known as the modal model or stage theory, was developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin in 1968. The second model was developed by Fergus Craik and Robert Lockhart in 1972 and describes different levels of processing. The multi-store model was one of the first general theories about the memory and is the most widely accepted cognitive theory. It is divided into several stages and Atkinson and Shiffrin stated that there were in fact three different kinds of memories. All your senses (touch, taste, smell, sight and hearing) belong to the sensory memory. The short-term memory is temporary and time-restricted whilst the long-term memory is more or less permanent. Two types of the sensory memory have been defined, the iconic and the echoic memory. When a person sees things, the visual stimuli enter the iconic memory. The things that we hear, auditory stimuli, enter the echoic memory. Of course there are other types of stimuli as well, but it is the visual and the auditory stimuli that are of the most interest to cognition. The echoic memory lasts longer than the iconic memory. The following model represents Atkinson's and Shiffrin's model of memory as they proposed in 1968. Sensory memory Information in the sensory memory exist for a very short period
An experiment to support the assumption that there are two distinct memory stores in the multi store model of memory as propos
An experiment to support the assumption that there are two distinct memory stores in the multi store model of memory as proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968). Candidate's Name: Samantha Aloysius Candidate's Number: Instructor's Name: Sarah Carter School: United World College of South East Asia Subject: Psychology, Standard Level Date of Submission: 23.03.07 Word Count: 1422 Abstract This experiment was conducted in order to gather evidence to support the assumption made by Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968) that there are two distinct memory stores in the multi store model. Two groups of students from an international school in Singapore took part in this experiment. The aim was to see how well participants were able to recall the words in a list and if the position of the words affected their ability to recall the words. The obtained results show that most participants tend to recall the first and last words in the list better than the words in the middle of the list and this is similar to the results obtained from Glanzer and Cunitz (1968) in the free recall experiment that they conducted. Contents Abstract...................................................................i Contents..................................................................1 Introduction...............................................................2
The Multi Store Memory has been criticised for being a passive/one way/linear model, what does this mean and do you agree?
Amy Van Schalkwyk Psychology: Essay “The Multi Store Memory has been criticised for being a passive/one way/linear model” What Does This Mean and Do You Agree? Atkinson and Shirffin (1968) claimed that the memory system was made up of three distinct stores, sensory memory, STM and LTM. They believed that if a person’s attention is focused on material in the sensory memory this would then be transferred to the STM. They also proposed that information from the STM is transported to the LTM by a process of ‘rehearsal’. They found a direct link between STM and LTM and proposed that the more information is rehearsed the better it is remembered. However there is much research which contradicts this idea of the multi store memory and many criticisms have been thrown at it. It has been criticised as being a passive, one way, and linear model. In other words it is implying that the Multi Store Memory (MSM) is an over simplistic representation of the brain which only works in a one way system from sensory memory to STM and with rehearsal to the LTM. Atkinson and Shriffin also proposed that rehearsal is the only method in which information is transferred to the LTM. Despite this there has been evidence of flash bulb memories which require no rehearsal and are very long lasting. This
Atkinson & Shriffin in 1968 proposed the Multi-Store Model of memory. It contains 3 permanent structural components; sensory, short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM).
Introduction Atkinson & Shriffin in 1968 proposed the Multi-Store Model of memory. It contains 3 permanent structural components; sensory, short-term (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). It attempt to explain how information flows from one storage system to another using the key process of rehearsal. Many studies have produced results which suggest STM & LTM code in different ways. In 1964 Conrad compared recall with acoustic and visual data. Participants (ppts) were presented with 6 letters at a time for 0.75 seconds. They were then asked to recall in the same order. Conrad found mistakes made with words that are acoustically similar suggesting STM must mainly code information according to how it sounds. LTM however encodes mainly semantically (by its meaning). Baddely in 1966 found that when he presented ppts with acoustically similar/dissimilar words and semantically similar/dissimilar words. With LTM fewer semantically similar words were recalled were as acoustically similar words had no affect in LTM recall. Suggesting that LTM mainly encode semantically. In 1950 Miller & Selfridge presented ppts with sentences of varying length which resembled true English to different degrees. Ppts were then asked to recall them in order they were presented. It was found that the closer a sentence approximated true English, the better it was recalled. This suggests that knowledge of
