History Coursework: - Southend.
History coursework: - Southend. Charlie Mason 11MN 14-Sep-01 Throughout the 1700's holiday resorts grew in popularity, Tunbridge wells, Harrogate, Bath and Scarborough were all popular spas all with there own assembly rooms, band, pump rooms, circulating library and theatre. This was the first time in Britain health spas were opening. In 1749, Dr. Richard Russell published his discoveries that drinking and bathing in seawater could improve your health, his book was called 'A dissertation on the use of seawater in the diseases of the glands', Dr. Richards theories were proven correct when one of his patients drank twenty five gallons of seawater, by drinking one pint every morning. This cured his patients tumor, who got to live a happy normal live. The success of Dr. Richards's patient led to many middle class people to head to the sea area to bathe and drink the seawater. In 1783 George, Prince of Wales had visited Brighton for the first time and soon after purchased a house there, later to be the Royal pavilion. The Prince of Wales also bathed in the sea (naked) but he didn't walk down the beach naked he and many other rich people had a cart which took them right into the water the carts were pulled by horses, when people did bathe men and women had to bathe separate mixed bathing was forbidden. The Royals who visited the seaside resorts made them very
To what extent has social mobility become more common in Britain during the last fifty years?
To what extent has social mobility become more common in Britain during the last fifty years? Some sociologists have argued that social mobility has become more mobile over the last fifty years, and that there is a lot of movement up and down the class system. However this view is not shared by all sociologists, as some would argue that Britain is more of a "closed" society than an "open" one. Different sociologists have opposing views on social class. All agree that it is an important aspect of society, but there is a disagreement as to the extent of how "open" or "closed" society has become. Social class has been defined in various ways by different groups of sociologists. The Marxists argue that in a capitalist society people are divided into two social classes. They believe that membership of these classes was determined by economic factors: the ownership or non-ownership of property. Their two classes are the bourgeoisie the ruling class; they were the owners of wealth and property, and the proletariat; the working class who worked as labourers for the bourgeoisie. Critics argue that social class in modern society is more complex than Marx predicted; for example, the development of large middle class and opportunities challenge his ideas. This suggests that social mobility has become more common since Marx first expressed his ideas in about the 1850s. However
"Methodism, the most astonishing eruption in the eighteenth century history of religion, was an anomaly" (Smyth) Discuss.
Anna Loughran Hertford "Methodism, the most astonishing eruption in the eighteenth century history of religion, was an anomaly." (Smyth) Discuss. The eighteenth century is commonly viewed by historians as a period of decline for the Anglican establishment which suffered increasing losses in its authority over local parishes and failing to respond adequately to the changing society of the early industrial age and challenges over the nature of religion and its role in the lives of individuals. In the 1740s, Samuel Wesley and his sons began to preach outside the confines of the Church, advocating a more voluntary approach to religious devotion and encouraging increased involvement of laymen in the work of the parish. Methodism was effectively born out of societies set up to integrate the church into the community, but in carrying voluntarism to its logical conclusion, argues Gilbert, such a movement would naturally come into conflict with the establishment by offering an alternative to the prescribed methods of religious practise and undermining the ministerial authority and organising machinery of the Church.1 Although the Wesley family were conservative Tories and John Wesley, who was to become the leading Methodist figure, always expressed a keen desire to remain within Anglicanism, he told a inaugural conference in 1744 that Methodism would either leave the whole church
Outline and evaluate two explanations of the development of gender roles
Outline and evaluate two explanations of the development of gender roles A gender role is a set of expectations that prescribe how male and female should behave, think, act and feel. The argument is that why children behave in order of their gender. Is it our parents, peers causing us to behave in that way or it just develop through cognitive process? This could be explained by the Social learning theory and the cognitive development theory. These two theories are quite different to each other as social learning theory is focused on the people around us affect our behaviour and the cognitive which gives the idea that as we grow up we learn the concepts of our gender. Social learning theory gives us an idea of how gender is learned through direct and indirect reinforcement. It suggests that our parents do have influence on our gender role. Children learn gender appropriate and gender behaviour through reward and punishment. Parents may encourage their children to behave according to their gender. For e.g. if the parents say 'you look prettier in that skirt than jeans' to their daughter, then this could have an effect on their daughter as she may like to wear skirt instead of jeans just because she got nice comment from her mum. This is known as direct reinforcement. Parents tell their children how they should behave as a girl and boy, giving a gender role to their
Discuss the way psychological research enables us to understand the development of gender roles.
Discuss the way psychological research enables us to understand the development of gender roles One interpretation of gender is that it refers to the sociocultural aspect of being male or female, not just the physiological aspects that make up a gender. Every child develops a gender, and with this has to come a gender role, which is a set of expectations that prescribe how males and females should think, act and feel. Kohlberg's theory, suggests that people go through three stages in developing an understanding of gender. The first stage is basic gender identity, in which the child realizes he/she is a boy or a girl. The child then has to accept that he/she is a male/female forever, which happens in stage 2, gender stability. Little boys no longer think that are going to grow up to become mums, and little girls no longer think the can be the next superman. The third stage that children go through is called gander constancy. In this stage children recognize that superficial changes in appearance or activities do not alter gender. Even when girls wear jeans or play football, or hen a boy is interested in sewing, or has long hair, the child's gender remains constant. Kohlberg's theory is based on Piaget's theory of cognitive development, and assumes that that as cognition matures, so does the child's understanding of gender. The stages of Kohlberg's theory also tie
Different Markets
Markets Markets may be any of a variety of different systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby persons trade, and goods and services are exchanged, forming part of the economy. Markets vary in size, range, geographic scale, location, types and variety of human communities, as well as the types of goods and services traded. Some examples include local farmers' markets held in town squares or parking lots, shopping centers and shopping malls, international currency and commodity markets, legally created markets such as for pollution permits, and illegal markets such as the market for illicit drugs. In mainstream economics, the concept of a market is any structure that allows buyers and sellers to exchange any type of goods, services and information. The exchange of goods or services for money is a transaction. Market participants consist of all the buyers and sellers of a good who influences its price. This influence is a major study of economics and has given rise to several theories and models concerning the basic market forces of supply and demand. There are two roles in markets, buyers and sellers. The market facilitates trade and enables the distribution and allocation of resources in a society. Markets allow any tradable item to be evaluated and priced. A market emerges more or less spontaneously or is constructed deliberately by
Is Sociology a Science?
Is Sociology a Science? Does sociology embody the critical characteristics to justify its classification as a science and is such a classification acceptable? Since the beginning of the study of sociology in the 19th century, this has been a fundamental conflict within the field of sociology. Opinion is generally divided into two camps; those who believe that Sociology should be considered as equal in stature to the Natural Sciences and those who disagree. Sociology, according to Ackroyd and Hughes is the "... social science that is concerned with the explanation of human behavior." A Science, according to the Oxford dictionary is a branch of knowledge conducted on objective principles involving the systemized observation of and experiment with phenomenon. (This definition is usually accorded exclusively to the natural sciences, for example Physics) The main proponents of this argument are the positivists. Many of the founding fathers of Sociology subscribed to this school of thought. They believed that social facts could be observed objectively, measured and quantified in the way matter is quantified in terms of temperature, volume and pressure. In Chemistry, proven theories make it possible to predict the behavior of elements. Auguste Comte transferred this to sociology, suggesting that the concept of "cause and effect" in human behavior makes it possible to formulate
bloomsbury group
"By far the most valuable things, which we know or can imagine, are certain states of consciousness, which can be roughly described as the pleasures of human intercourse and the engagement of beautiful objects" G.E Moore How does Forster express the Bloomsbury Group values in Howards End? Forster represents 'the pleasures of human intercourse and the engagement on beautiful objects' firstly in the epigraph to Howards End, 'Only Connect.' This presents the interactions between humans emotionally and physically. This concept is shown through the connection between Mrs Wilcox and Margaret Schlegel. The connection is seen when Mrs Wilcox invites Margaret to 'Come down' to Howards End with her, which Margaret replied 'might I come some other day?' Margaret's reply seemed to annoy Mrs Wilcox. She is spiritually attached to her home and felt Margaret would understand the connection between the beautiful house and herself. However Margaret had thought on the conversation and eventually realised the connection. "Another day" will do for brick and mortar, but not for the Holy of Holies into which Howards End had been transfigured. (Chapter 10) The connection between the Mrs Wilcox and Margaret here begins, as they both seem to mutually understand each other and concludes in the final chapter with Margaret assuming Mrs Wilcox's attitudes and ownership of Howards End. Forster
Compare and contrast Marxist and Functionalist accounts of religion.
Darren Marks Sociology Compare and Contrast Marxist and Functionalist Accounts of Religion Both functionalists and Marxists share the common view that religion serves to legitimise the morals and laws within society. Many functionalists as well as Marxists do agree that society creates religion as a visual symbol of itself. Followers are ultimately not worshipping their religion, their worshipping society and everything it stands for. However, this is where the split in views begins. Functionalists see Religion as serving towards the 4 pre-requisites of society. (Namely: Social integration, shared values, social solidarity, and social harmony). By ensuring these needs are met, religion reinforces collective values and promotes solidarity. Functionalism is not over concerned about the 'why' religion is allowed to assume this falsified symbolism, but instead recognises it's use in keeping harmony and faith in society. Durkheim demonstrates this in admitting that religion does not have to be 'super natural'. It's important to note that mortal people and objects can gain a sacred status in society similar to that of the idols of religion. For instance: Princess Diana - a national symbol of charity and possibly the last real 'princess' of the British Nation in the people's hearts. She has become sacred because she represents a good quality of society. From
Does Islam Constrain or Liberate Women?
DOES ISLAM CONSTRAIN OR LIBERATE WOMEN? Few issues in the Islamic culture has attracted as much interest - and yet proven so susceptible to stereotyping - as issues concerning women. Women in Islamic societies have been the subjects of images and generalisations, romantic orientalist tales and feminist expose. For many non-Muslims, the subject of women in Islam is characterised by images of deserts, harems, veils and subordination. However, many Muslims counter this by stating that Islam liberates women - but they often present an ideal - without the problems and issues encountered in the diverse experiences of Muslim women. The study of Islam and Muslim society is complex, reflecting the diverse and varied realities of Muslim women and Muslim societies throughout the ages. The status of women in Islam was profoundly affected not only by the fact that Islamic belief interacted with and was influenced by various cultures, but also the fact that the primary interpreters of the Koran and the makers of the Islamic Laws and traditions were men from this culture. However, the western perceptions of Islamic women have been subjective - in many of the literatures about Islam and gender - it is not the Muslim women who are heard, but that of Westerners speaking for them. But, recently these women have been voicing their opinions. They feel Islam has within its scope the power to
