Mount Aso Essay
Lithospheric Processes & Hazards Aso, Kyushu, Japan The earth's crust is divided into separate sections called tectonic plates. These plates are solid and float on semi-molten material in the Upper Mantle or Asthenosphere and are subjected to movement. It is this movement that causes earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to occur. The Asthenosphere is kept plastic (deformable) through heat generated by radio-active decay. The decaying material consists of radio-active isotopes of light elements such as Aluminum and Magnesium. Due to this process convention cells develop - these are places where extremely hot magma rises to the upper portion of the mantle (Asthenosphere). The convection cells is the movement of cool liquid sinking and lower down being heated to then rise up again. This occurs because heated liquid is less dense than cool liquid. This rising and sinking occurs in a circular motion, the plates stick to the mantle due to friction causing them to move as the mantle moves. The earth's crust is divided into several tectonic plates, which constantly move. This is how energy is transferred from the center of the earth to the surface. Magma is only formed when pressure is released. The only areas around the world where pressure can be released are between tectonic plates; therefore volcanoes form where tectonic plates meet. When tectonic plates shift they create space
Richmond Shopping Field Study
Table of Contents Title Page.................................................................................................................................................................................... Table of Contents...................................................................................................................................................................... Aim.............................................................................................................................................................................................. Hypothesis................................................................................................................................................................................. Background Theories............................................................................................................................................................... Methods of Data Collection.................................................................................................................................................... Data Interpretation and Analysis...........................................................................................................................................
Global Warming, the problem, the potential impacts and alternatives to fossil fuels.
Category 1 - Knowledge (10 points) . Explain the term global warming. Global Warming is a process of when the earth heats up and raises temperatures all over the world. Global Warming has many consequences that come with the issue. The definition of global warming is the raise in average temperatures which has happened throughout history. Scientists suggest that we have caused the problem and that we need to fix it so that it temperatures rise enough to affect our food chain. The current temperatures are already killing plants and animals and rising sea levels all over the world. Global warming has been a natural process throughout history but now it is said to be caused by excessive use of fossil fuels and deforestation. The image shows how the infrared radiation penetrating through to the earth there fore heating it up, some is blocked by clouds. The radiation is bouncing back into space and hitting the greenhouse gases therefore trapping the heat and making the earth warmer. 7. What will cause sea levels to rise? As world temperatures rise so do the sea levels, rising sea levels can cause a great deal of problems. Global warming is a major factor in sea levels increasing; this is because of the melting of polar ice caps. The polar ice caps contain 2.4% of the world's surface water; if this all melts the consequences are tremendous. The consequences of the polar ice
Case Studyof Urban Structure
Case Study of Urban Structures: Vancouver, B.C. Larry Jiao IB Geography Year 1 Mr. Martin October 29 2008 Vancouver is a major coastal city in the Pacific Northwest region and is the largest city in the province of British Columbia. Located on a peninsula, Vancouver is an ethnically diverse city, home to over 600,000 people, 52% of which have a first language other than English. The city of Vancouver is divided into 23 districts and is a major hub for immigration. Burgess' Concentric Model, 1924 Burgess' Concentric Model does not fit the city of Vancouver very well because Vancouver is not a concentric city and does not fulfill many of the Burgess' initial assumptions. According the Burgess' model, cities expand outwards concentrically in social-economic groupings, much like the shape of waves water when an object strikes the surface of the water. Because Burgess' based his model on the city of Chicago in 1924, he assumed that the city lay on flat land and that the transportation system was of equal significance to everyone in every direction. This however, does not accurately reflect Vancouver's geographical or socio-economic groupings. In my map of Vancouver, there is no evidence of any concentric activity in terms of residential groupings: the wealthy tend to live on the west, the middle class tends to reside on the south and southeast, and the lower class tends to
Indonesia - population trends analysis. We see that rural population of Indonesia declined by about 9 million and the urban population increased by 31 million.
Indonesia is the largest archipelago in the world with 18,108 islands (based on 2003 satellite imaging data), stretching along the equator for more than 5,000 km. Superimposed on the United States or Europe, Indonesia would stretch roughly from San Francisco to New York or from Madrid to Moscow. Nearly 60% of Indonesia's land is forested and a significant portion is mountainous and volcanic. Some mountains on Sumatra and Irian Jaya exceed 3,000 metres in height. Mt. Merapi, on Java, is regarded as the most volatile of Indonesia's 500 volcanoes - 12% of which are still active! Indonesia is the fourth most heavily populated country in the world after China, India and the United States with 228 million people (2002), comprising some 300 ethnic groups who speak an estimated 583 languages and dialects. The majority is concentrated on Java, Bali and Madura (60%). The majority of Indonesians are of Malay descent. The major ethnic groups are: Javanese (45%), Sundanese (14%), Madurese (7.5%). Coastal Malays (7.5%) and others - Chinese, Indians (26%).1 The currency of Indonesia is the Indonesian Rupiah (IDR) [Rp.] Its current exchange rate with the US$ is about $1 = Rp. 8,538 Over the past 10 years, Indonesia has changed much. Its population increased by approx. 28 million people. But the major change is in the type of population change. From the graph, we see that rural population of
Essay Plans - "The Future of Asia" and "Japan"
ESSAY OUTLINE : THE FUTURE OF ASIA Introduction: What is Asia? The factor of unity among Asian countries. Mention names of the countries. * Integration among different Asian nations that are woven together economically and politically. * Asian countries are committed to advancement in various fields such as trade, science technology and education. * Asian leaders meet periodically to discuss issues of importance and progression. The idea is to seek the co-operation of several countries to aid each other in trying times. * Economic development through a network of business that involves co-operation of Asian countries. * To promote peace and stability among nations. Para 1 : Economic Progression * Commitment of China and Japan in fostering ties with each other to build an East Asia community involving China, Japan and South Korea to develop a co-operative framework involving regional, political, security and social issues. * The South Asian countries will need to adjust their trade and economic policies and build better relations to avoid being crushed by bigger market rulers like China and India. For this a proposed alternative is the setting up of an Asian Monetary Fund to promote financial integration in Asia. Its sole purpose would be crisis lending and recovery assistance. * India is on
Colorado Case Study
Colorado River Case Study Jordana Clark Word Count 1136 IB SL Geography Mr. Mattiace The Colorado River is the main river for the American South west flowing across 1,350 miles of the United States of America and 90 miles of Mexico. The states in which the Colorado crosses are Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada and California. The original name for the Colorado river was the "Red River", in Spanish, as it use to look reddish-brown color. The headwaters of the Colorado River are located in the Rocky Mountains Park in Colorado. From Colorado the river flows southwestward towards the Gulf of California, located in Mexico, and the Pacific Ocean. The river has alternating speed flow from rapid to calm sections. The variation of the depth of the river from 6 to 9 feet impacts the speed. Normally in the shallower sections the flow is faster than in deeper parts that tend to be calm. In recent years the Colorado River has made headlines due to pollution. In 2004 Colorado made the list of "America's Most Endangered Rivers of 2004." Demonstrating the dangers, which loom one of Americas most used river. One of the main factors contributing to the endangerment of the river is pollution. There are three ways in which the river is being polluted first via contaminated groundwater, human waste from riverfront boomtowns in California and Arizona contaminating the
Latin America - history, politics, immigration and literature.
Latin America Spanish and Portuguese colonists and officers, settling in central and south America during the 16th century, are soon followed by the French and English staking a claim to North America. A clear pattern becomes well-known. The two Atlantic seaboard countries of southern Europe concentrate on the southern part of the new continent, while their three European neighbours to the north struggle between themselves to rule north America. The parts of the continent become divided into two distinct parts, which is Latin America and North America. The term Latin America was first used in the 19th century. The region consists with an exception of those parts of the American continent occupied by the Spanish. But the exception is too large to overlook and Brazil belongs to Portugal. Spanish America can not be said. Latin America comes into use at a time when almost all regions south of USA spoke Spanish or Portuguese, which are Latin-based romance languages and are Roman Catholics where in the north of the continent is largely Anglo-Saxon and Protestant ruled. This region was home to many native people and it had superior civilizations, which included the Aztecs and the Inca, before the arrival of Europeans. The Europeans came in the late 15th century. When they came, most of Latin America was owned by Spain and Portugal and some parts were owned by France. In the early
Outline the nature of the changes to the Iban culture that have resulted from globalization: The Iban tribe initially carried the name Sea Dayaks. They have settled around the rivers of Borneo,
Outline the nature of the changes to the Iban culture that have resulted from globalization: The Iban tribe initially carried the name Sea Dayaks. They have settled around the rivers of Borneo, which is an island divided between Indonesia, Malaysia, and Brunei. The Iban have frightened people for years, since they exercised head hunting. Today headhunting is illegal, and the Iban therefore brought it to an end. The Iban have strong bonds with their customs and traditions. They are known to be very hospitable and eager to share these traditions and cultures with tourists. Today traditions have changed for the Iban tribe. The headhunting they used to do has been replaced with a more peaceful custom which the call the berjelai. The berjelai consist of a young man leaving the community to prove himself in the outside world and returning with modern goods like electronics, and clothing. Globalization has had a great impact on the Iban. This is not only by stopping a certain custom like headhunting, but also by affecting the whole culture. The contact with the outside world has become larger over time. This is not only due to tourism, and other people from the outside world, but also due to the Iban themselves. A good example of this own initiative is the berjelai as mentioned above. Globalization has caused for expansion of cities, towns, and villages, together with the rapid
Cornucopians Vs Technocentrics
Environmental Optimism and Pessimism At the beginning of the 20th century the prevalent belief towards the relationship between human and environment was very optimistic. More coal was being discovered, and useless swamps and forests would be converted to farmland for cropping (Meyer and Turner 2002). However by the late 20th century, pessimistic views dominated. This was largely due to the 'shock tactics' used by the media when presenting scientific data to the public about the impacts of our activities on the environment. Environmental disasters like oils spills, nuclear fallout and climate change are front page worthy and are great sellers. But the pessimism also came from academics, like Kennedy in Preparing for the 21st Century, who concluded that the problems are grave and is not hopeful of institutions taking the necessary steps to overcome the issues. Now at the beginning of the 21st Century, it is widely accepted that environmental changes are happening faster than any time in the past and human activity is mainly responsible. These changes, often local, are happening on global scales that are affecting global environmental systems, such as the atmosphere and oceans. Though environmental change is hard to measure, and scientific data vary, some things are certainly agreed. Firstly, human activity is now more responsible than natural cycles for driving environmental
